Food choice · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
In crossover studies with binary outcomes, food marketing had no clear association with food choice (OR 3.45, 95% CI 0.97 to 12.43; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 3.45 [0.97, 12.43]
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Hypertension · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries
No eligible studies on caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding and later hypertension were found.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found
Pulp exposure during caries removal · Children (3-11 years) with symptomless, vital dentine caries in primary molars
Stepwise excavation reduced the reported risk of pulp exposure by 69% versus complete caries removal (RR 0.31; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.31 [0.17, 0.57]
262 participants
GRADE not reported
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy)
Compomer restorations had an annual failure rate of 8.9% in primary molars after pulpotomy, higher than composite resin in the same trial (single high-risk-of-bias RCT; low quality of evidence; not GRADE-rated).
2 findings from 1 review
Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
Non-responsive complementary feeding showed no significant association with overweight/obesity across observational studies (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Weight gain · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
Narratively, restrictive NRCF style tended to favor excess weight and coercive/pressuring style tended to favor lower weight (3 of 5 studies each; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
Among observational studies, baby-led weaning was associated with lower odds of overweight/obesity than other feeding models (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.55), but certainty is very low.
1 finding from 1 review
Infant weight-length gain (achievement of adequate weight) · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
Baby-led weaning/BLISS did not significantly influence infant weight-length (adequate weight) gain versus other complementary feeding models (pooled OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.18 to 10.51; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Pulp exposure during caries removal · Children with dentine caries in primary and permanent teeth
Partial caries removal was reported to reduce pulp-exposure risk by 77% versus complete caries removal (RR 0.23; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.23 [0.08, 0.69]
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Choking · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries
No eligible studies of RCF and choking were found.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found
Pulp exposure during caries removal · Children (3-11 years) with symptomless, vital dentine caries in primary molars
Partial caries removal reduced the reported risk of pulp exposure versus complete caries removal in primary teeth (RR 0.24; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.24 [0.06, 0.90]
262 participants
GRADE not reported
Food purchasing · Children and adolescents (general population, aged under 20 years)
Across five studies, 40% showed any association of potential public health harm for food purchasing (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Physical growth / weight gain · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
Two RCTs suggest responsive complementary feeding leads to better weight gain in the first two years, though effects were small and not always sustained (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries
BLW was associated with lower overweight/obesity risk in observational studies, but the certainty was very low.
1 finding from 1 review
Choking · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries
No statistically significant difference in choking events between BLW/BLISS and TCF was reported.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
In RCTs, BLISS did not significantly change overweight/obesity risk versus traditional feeding (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.00 to 17.79; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries
NRCF showed no significant association with overweight/obesity across the reported comparisons (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Choking · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
No systematic reviews or studies assessed choking risk for RCF or NRCF (only BLW/BLISS); this is an evidence gap.
1 finding from 1 review
Choking · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western industrialized countries
No significant difference in choking risk was found between BLW/BLISS-fed and traditionally fed infants (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy children aged 6–24 months in Western industrialized countries
BLISS did not show a statistically significant reduction in overweight/obesity risk at 24 months (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review