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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
3,358 questions in 190 reviews · cluster CL0289
current versionsNo studies 599 · 17.8%Ungraded 1,759 · 52.4%Very low 612 · 18.2%Low 269 · 8%Moderate 107 · 3.2%High 12 · 0.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Intervention categories, outcome domains and clusters are a proposed key pending human validation. Clear all filters
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Facemask (RME) or modified facemask vs Other non-surgical orthodontic treatments (mini maxillary protractor, Pushing Splints, modified tandem, Reverse Forsus, reverse Twin Block, reverse chin cup, tongue appliance, Frankel III) ANB · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.11 [-0.54, 0.77] | 8 studies · 285 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline vs Multivitamin Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | Rajendran 2006 (pentoxifylline 14 vs multivitamins 15): reported increased interincisal distance in the pentoxifylline group but no baseline data, so change could not be determined; excluded from meta-analysis. | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Oxitard (antioxidant) vs Aloe vera gel Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · Less than 3 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD 9.40 [8.52, 10.28] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Facemask (RME) or modified facemask vs Surgically-anchored appliance (miniscrews or miniplates) Overjet · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.40 [-1.30, 0.50] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Recurrence rate · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 3 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Facemask with alternating rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) Overjet · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | SoF5 (Facemask (Alt-RAMEC) vs facemask (RME)): Overjet - Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
NiTi arch wire of one cross-sectional size vs NiTi arch wire of a different cross-sectional size Root resorption · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | Root resorption: not reported | 0 studies | No studies |
Occlusal splint vs No treatment or placebo (non-occlusal or transparent-foil placebo splint) Discomfort · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 1 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. Discomfort was not reported in any included study across the whole review. | 0 studies | No studies |
Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Facemask with alternating rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) A-Nasion perpendicular (A-NPerp) · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 1.13 [0.23, 2.03] | 1 study · 34 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Another occlusal splint with a different mechanism of action Self-reported joint pain when chewing · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 2 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Tongue appliance ANB · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.60 [-1.41, 0.21] | 1 study · 47 participants | Ungraded |
Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Modified tandem appliance ANB · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.25 [-0.39, 0.89] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Superelastic NiTi arch wire vs Thermoelastic NiTi arch wire Root resorption (reduction in root length) · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) · 16 weeks Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.05 [-0.14, 0.04] | 2 studies · 52 participants | Very low |
Surgically-anchored orthodontic treatment (miniplates) vs Untreated control (no treatment) Perceived need for surgery in adulthood · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | SoF2: Perceived need for surgery in adulthood - Not measured. | 0 studies | No studies |
Occlusal splint vs Pharmacological therapy Frequency of joint noise · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 6 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Spirulina vs Oxitard (antioxidant) Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · Less than 3 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -2.60 [-3.82, -1.38] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Depression · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term, Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.25 [-0.52, 0.02] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Orthodontic removable traction appliance (ORTA) vs Untreated control (no treatment) Overjet · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 6.20 [5.52, 6.88] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Superelastic NiTi arch wire vs Thermoelastic NiTi arch wire Time to next/working arch wire · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.40 [-0.11, 0.91] | 1 study · 86 participants | Ungraded |
Single preoperative dose of systemic antibiotics (clindamycin 600 mg), total chemo-mechanical debridement and root filling vs Matched placebo, total chemo-mechanical debridement and root filling Pain at 24 hours · Adults with symptomatic apical periodontitis (no signs of spreading infection or systemic involvement) · 24 hours Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | The median pain at 24 hours in the control group was 3 (range 0 to 10); the median pain at 24 hours in the intervention group was the same (median 3, range 0 to 8). P = 0.219 (Mann-Whitney U). | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Occlusal splint vs Acupuncture Muscle pain when chewing · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (1 month), Myofascial pain TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-0.80, 1.00] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Lycopene plus intralesional betamethasone vs Placebo Severity of oral/mucosal burning pain/sensation · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | Kumar 2007 reported burning sensation using a non-validated scale; not included in quantitative analysis. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Buccal fat pad graft vs Extended nasolabial flap Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · Less than 3 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -7.25 [-14.19, -0.31] | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Single-strand superelastic NiTi arch wire vs Coaxial superelastic NiTi arch wire Time to alignment · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | Time to alignment: not reported | 0 studies | No studies |
Non-surgical orthodontic treatment (any: facemask, chin cup, tandem traction bow, mandibular headgear, ORTA, reverse Twin Block, Reverse Forsus) vs No treatment Wits appraisal · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 4.75 [4.15, 5.35] | 4 studies · 155 participants | Ungraded |
Postoperative systemic antibiotics (phenoxymethylpenicillin/penicillin VK, 7-day course), partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics vs Matched placebo, partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics Swelling at 24 hours · Adults with a symptomatic necrotic tooth or localised acute apical abscess (no signs of spreading infection or… · 24 hours Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | SMD 0.27 [-0.23, 0.78] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Very low |
Intralesional steroid injections vs Alternative medicinal treatments Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · 3 to 6 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.57 [-2.34, 1.19] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Low |
Surgery plus Heister jaw opener vs Surgery plus wooden tongue depressors Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · More than 6 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.60 [0.01, 1.19] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Occlusal splint vs Another occlusal splint with a different mechanism of action Frequency of joint noise · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (3 months), Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.80 [0.07, 9.18] | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Postoperative systemic antibiotics (phenoxymethylpenicillin/penicillin VK, 7-day course), partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics vs Matched placebo, partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics Pain at 48 hours · Adults with a symptomatic necrotic tooth or localised acute apical abscess (no signs of spreading infection or… · 48 hours Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.32 [-0.22, 0.86] | 2 studies · 61 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Severity of joint noise · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Long term (4 months), Mixed TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD 5.92 [0.18, 11.66] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Pushing Splints Wits appraisal · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.70 [-0.60, 2.00] | 1 study · 42 participants | Ungraded |
NiTi arch wire of one cross-sectional size vs NiTi arch wire of a different cross-sectional size Pain · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) · 7 days Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | Different sizes of NiTi wires (Alhaija 2021; Erdinc 2004); not pooled due to clinical heterogeneity; little or no difference at day 1. Erdinc 0.014 vs 0.016 inch higher pain at day 4 MD 5.00 (0.19 to 9.81) and day 6 MD… | 2 studies · 149 participants | Low |
Occlusal splint vs Behavioural therapy (counselling, CBT, relaxation, self-care management) Joint pain at rest · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (1 month), Mixed TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -2.59 [-4.21, -0.97] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Abdominal dermal fat graft vs Nasolabial flap Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · 3 to 6 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -14.87 [-19.93, -9.81] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Buccal fat pad graft vs Extended nasolabial flap Maximal mouth opening (interincisal distance) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · 3 to 6 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD 6.00 [-11.36, 23.36] | 1 study · 8 participants | Very low |
Thermoelastic copper NiTi (CuNiTi) arch wire vs Conventional NiTi arch wire Alignment rate · People receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (upper and/or lower full arch) · 4 weeks Initial arch wires used in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-0.95, 1.15] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Single preoperative dose of systemic antibiotics (clindamycin 600 mg), total chemo-mechanical debridement and root filling vs Matched placebo, total chemo-mechanical debridement and root filling Swelling at 7 days · Adults with symptomatic apical periodontitis (no signs of spreading infection or systemic involvement) · 7 days Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.50 [0.10, 2.56] | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Facemask vs Untreated control (no treatment) ANB · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · 3-year follow-up Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 1.40 [0.43, 2.37] | 1 study · 63 participants | Moderate |
Vasodilators (isoxsuprine, xanthinol nicotinate) vs Placebo or no active treatment Burning sensation (VAS 0-100) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · 3 to 6 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD -51.02 [-72.85, -29.20] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Topical curcumin gel vs Topical aloe vera gel Burning sensation (VAS 0-100) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) · Less than 3 months Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | MD 16.00 [7.21, 24.79] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Facemask (RME) or modified facemask vs Surgically-anchored appliance (miniscrews or miniplates) Wits appraisal · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.50 [-1.27, 2.27] | 1 study · 43 participants | Ungraded |
Facemask with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) vs Pushing Splints Overjet · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.80 [-0.37, 1.97] | 1 study · 42 participants | Ungraded |
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) vs Calcium hydroxide (CH) Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure · >=12 months, Partial pulpotomy Asked by 2 reviewsEfficacy of pulpotomy for permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis… (2024) | OR 2.81 [1.38, 5.74] | NR | Ungraded |
Antioxidants (lycopene, curcumin, Oxitard) vs Placebo or no active treatment Intolerance to spicy food (participant-reported proxy) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.02 [0.00, 0.43] | 1 study · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs No treatment or placebo (non-occlusal or transparent-foil placebo splint) Muscle pain when chewing · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (3 months), Disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -1.97 [-2.37, -1.57] | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Postoperative systemic antibiotics (phenoxymethylpenicillin/penicillin VK, 7-day course), partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics vs Matched placebo, partial or total chemo-mechanical debridement and analgesics Pain at 72 hours · Adults with a symptomatic necrotic tooth or localised acute apical abscess (no signs of spreading infection or… · 72 hours Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.08 [-0.38, 0.54] | 2 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
Facemask vs Untreated control (no treatment) Self-esteem (Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score, OASIS) · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · End of treatment Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD -4.00 [-7.40, -0.60] | 1 study · 69 participants | Ungraded |
Facemask vs Untreated control (no treatment) ANB · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or younger) with prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) · 6-year follow-up Orthodontic treatment for prominent lower front teeth (Class III malocclusion) in children (2024) · Cochrane | MD 0.70 [-0.74, 2.14] | 1 study · 65 participants | Low |
Occlusal splint vs Acupuncture Discomfort · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 5 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |