Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Patients with carious pulp exposure in permanent teeth undergoing DPC or pulpotomy
MTA and Biodentine performed comparably for clinical and radiographic success (5 RCTs, not pooled; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Patients with carious pulp exposure in mature permanent teeth
MTA increases clinical and radiographic success versus CH in mature teeth (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Post-treatment pain within 1 week (from first session) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment probably leads to higher post-treatment pain within 1 week (from first session) compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy)
Compomer restorations had an annual failure rate of 8.9% in primary molars after pulpotomy, higher than composite resin in the same trial (single high-risk-of-bias RCT; low quality of evidence; not GRADE-rated).
2 findings from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in postoperative pain in the immediate postobturation period (up to 72… compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Tooth extraction due to endodontic problems · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes tooth extraction due to endodontic problems compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Swelling or flare-up · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes swelling or flare-up compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Analgesic (painkiller) use · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes analgesic (painkiller) use compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at two weeks (postobturation) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in pain at two weeks (postobturation) compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 12 months or more (long-term postobturation pain) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
1 finding from 1 review
Sinus or fistula formation at last · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes sinus tract or fistula formation compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Postoperative pain intensity in the immediate postobturation period (up to 72 hours), continuous (VAS) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in postoperative pain intensity in the immediate postobturation period… compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 1 month · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
1 finding from 1 review
One study (Dhyani 2022) reported pain at 1 month: 60 teeth (all vital at enrolment, mechanical NiTi), 0 events (no participant reported pain at 1 month); no meta-analysis
1 study · 60 participants
GRADE not reported
Postobturation pain at 1 week · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes postobturation pain at 1 week compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Radiological failure (periapical radiolucency) after at least 1 year · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in radiological failure (periapical radiolucency) after at least 1 year compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Success rate at 1 year · Patients needing retrograde filling in root canal therapy (orthograde root canal filling or retreatment not possible; periapical surgery…
It is very uncertain whether super ethoxybenzoic acid (Super-EBA) changes success rate at 1 year compared with intermediate restorative material (IRM) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.90 [0.80, 1.01]
1 study
Very low
Success rate at 1 year · Patients needing retrograde filling in root canal therapy (orthograde root canal filling or retreatment not possible; periapical surgery…
It is very uncertain whether dentine-bonded resin composite changes success rate at 1 year (root as unit, per-protocol analysis) compared with glass ionomer cement (very low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Treatment success rate · Patients needing retrograde filling in root canal therapy (orthograde root canal filling or retreatment not possible; periapical surgery…
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) showed no clear difference in success rate at 4 years compared with super ethoxybenzoic acid (Super-EBA); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.02 [0.93, 1.12]
1 study
GRADE not reported
Success rate at 1 year · Patients needing retrograde filling in root canal therapy (orthograde root canal filling or retreatment not possible; periapical surgery…
It is very uncertain whether mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) changes success rate at 1 year compared with intermediate restorative material (IRM) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.09 [0.97, 1.22]
2 studies
Very low
Success rate at 1 year · Patients needing retrograde filling in root canal therapy (orthograde root canal filling or retreatment not possible; periapical surgery…
It is very uncertain whether mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) changes success rate at 1 year compared with root repair material (RRM) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.00 [0.94, 1.07]
2 studies
Very low