What do systematic reviews say?

244 questions · 253 findings · 11 reviews · Pain control and patient management · related questions CL0289

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No studies found 101 · 39.9%GRADE not reported 37 · 14.6%Very low 73 · 28.9%Low 30 · 11.9%Moderate 8 · 3.2%High 4 · 1.6%

NSAID (systemic) vs paracetamol

Rescue analgesia · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

It is very uncertain whether NSAID (systemic) changes rescue analgesia compared with paracetamol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.5 [0.6, 3.6]
1 study · 159 participants
Very low

Topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) vs Local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum)

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
The study did not report this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

NSAID (systemic) vs paracetamol

Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

NSAID (systemic) vs paracetamol

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

NSAID (systemic) showed no clear difference in pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with paracetamol (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 hours
MD -5.17 [-11.71, 1.37]
7 studies · 664 participants
Low
Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 hours
MD -0.51 [-8.93, 7.92]
9 studies · 734 participants
Low
Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 hours
MD -2.92 [-8.48, 2.65]
7 studies · 664 participants
Low

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) vs placebo or control

Rescue analgesia · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Use of rescue analgesia recorded in 7 studies; only 2 reported counts (Tuncer 2014: 2 participants; Bruno 2011: 6 participants); no class/dose/timing reported; not pooled. SoF cell: 'Not reported'.
7 studies
GRADE not reported

Topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) vs Local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum)

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

It is very uncertain whether topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) changes pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 hours
MD 13 [-3.45, 29.45]
1 study · 48 participants
Very low

Topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) vs Local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum)

Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
The study did not report this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) vs placebo or control

Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

NSAID (systemic) vs paracetamol

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) vs placebo or control

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Preoperative analgesics (analgesics given before dental treatment) vs Placebo or no analgesics

Anxiety · Children and adolescents aged up to 17 years having dental treatment (orthodontic treatment, fillings, pulp treatment, or tooth…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
None of the included studies assessed anxiety or behaviour at baseline, and none recorded baseline anxiety. PUB3: 'The [three/four] studies did not measure ... preoperative and postoperative anxiety measures ...'
0 studies
No studies found

Preoperative analgesics (analgesics given before dental treatment) vs Placebo or no analgesics

Intraoperative pain · Children and adolescents aged up to 17 years having dental treatment (orthodontic treatment, fillings, pulp treatment, or tooth…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
None of the included studies measured intraoperative pain. PUB3: 'The [three/four] studies did not measure intraoperative pain, ... cost or completion of treatment.'
0 studies
No studies found

Preoperative ibuprofen vs placebo

Postoperative pain (continuous measure: self report using visual analogue scale) · Children and adolescents having orthodontic separator placement (without local anaesthetic)

Preoperative ibuprofen may leads to lower postoperative pain (continuous measure: self report using visual… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 hours
MD -13.44 [-23.01, -3.88]
2 studies · 85 participants
Low

Preoperative analgesics (analgesics given before dental treatment) vs Placebo or no analgesics

Completion of treatment · Children and adolescents aged up to 17 years having dental treatment (orthodontic treatment, fillings, pulp treatment, or tooth…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
None of the included studies measured completion of treatment. PUB3: 'The [three/four] studies did not measure intraoperative pain, preoperative and postoperative anxiety measures, patient satisfaction, parental…
0 studies
No studies found

Preoperative paracetamol (acetaminophen) vs placebo

Postoperative pain (dichotomous measure: parent report of presence of pain-related behaviours) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic (restorative and extraction treatments)

Preoperative paracetamol (acetaminophen) showed no clear difference in postoperative pain (dichotomous measure: parent report of presence… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Mean 6.5 hours
RR 0.81 [0.53, 1.22]
2 studies · 100 participants
Low

Preoperative analgesics (analgesics given before dental treatment) vs Placebo or no analgesics

Parental satisfaction · Children and adolescents aged up to 17 years having dental treatment (orthodontic treatment, fillings, pulp treatment, or tooth…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
None of the included studies reported parental satisfaction. PUB3: 'there was no reporting of participant or parent satisfaction in any included study.'
0 studies
No studies found

Preoperative analgesics (analgesics given before dental treatment) vs Placebo or no analgesics

Patient satisfaction · Children and adolescents aged up to 17 years having dental treatment (orthodontic treatment, fillings, pulp treatment, or tooth…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents having dental treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
None of the included studies reported patient satisfaction. PUB3: 'there was no reporting of participant or parent satisfaction in any included study.'
0 studies
No studies found

Sedation (sedative agents administered via any route) vs General anaesthesia

Outcome not reported · Children and adolescents younger than 18 years having dental treatment (fillings, pulp treatment or tooth extraction); complex surgical…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Sedation versus general anaesthesia for provision of dental treatment to patients younger than 18 years 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
no estimate extracted
0 studies
No studies found