What do systematic reviews say?

DAN score during the post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after IM injection Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

PIPP during IM injection (term infants) ‐ Infants of non‐diabetic and diabetic mothers Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after immunization Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

Change in DAN score Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with bladder catheterization

PIPP score during heel lance (1st heel lance) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

PIPP score intra procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP score 30 seconds post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP score 1 min post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP during exam Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain/distress associated with ROP examination

PIPP score during eye examination Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates

N‐PASS score during circumcision Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score after 5 min Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score during circumcision Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score after 5 min Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

PIPP · neonates undergoing echocardiography

DAN score at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

Motor development and vigor (MDV) domain of the NAPI tool Normative mean and SD at 36 weeks PMA 63 (14.5) Higher scores are associated with more mature behaviour (Snider 2005) · neonates with pain associated with potentially painful procedures for 7 days

Alertness and orientation (AO) domain of the NAPI tool Normative mean and SD at 36 weeks PMA 54 (19.4) Higher scores are associated with more mature behaviour (Snider 2005) · neonates with pain associated with potentially painful procedures for 7 days

NIPS during heel lance Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain