Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,014 questions · 1,050 findings · 42 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 391 · 37.2%GRADE not reported 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Surgical site infection · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery

It is very uncertain whether prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) changes number of surgical site infections (SSIs) before discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Number of symptomatic UTIs or bacteriuria before discharge · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery

It is very uncertain whether prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) changes number of symptomatic UTIs or bacteriuria before discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Febrile morbidity · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery

It is very uncertain whether prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) changes number of women with febrile morbidity at hospital discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Mesh exposure · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery

It is very uncertain whether prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) changes number of mesh exposures within six weeks after the operation compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Number of minor adverse events · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in number of minor adverse events compared with sham acupuncture (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Presence or absence of urinary urgency · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether acupuncture changes presence or absence of urinary urgency compared with sham acupuncture (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs sham

Episodes of urinary incontinence in a 24‐hour period · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in episodes of urinary incontinence in a 24‐hour period compared with sham acupuncture (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs medication

Overactive bladder symptoms cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Acupuncture may leads to higher overactive bladder symptoms cured or improved compared with medication (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review