Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,281 questions · 1,361 findings · 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems

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No studies found 286 · 21%GRADE not reported 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%

Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parenting skills; postintervention · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Substance use ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parent relationship quality ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parental self‐harm ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parent‐child relationship or assessment of parenting · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 153 participants
Low

Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Parenting skills; postintervention · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 149 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Trauma‐related symptoms ‐ post‐interventionb · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 247 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Psychological wellbeing ‐ post‐interventiond · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress disorder… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 507 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs usual care

Receptive L2 proximal vocabulary (understanding of words taught in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1073 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs usual care

Receptive L2 distal vocabulary (understanding of words not included in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1074 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs usual care

Expressive L2 proximal vocabulary (expressing or producing words taught in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1121 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs usual care

Expressive L2 distal vocabulary (expressing or producing words not taught in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 960 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs usual care

Mean length of utterance (MLU) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs usual care

L2 listening comprehension · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 294 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs usual care

L2 narrative skills · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 487 participants
Moderate

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Global improvement · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Music therapy probably leads to higher global improvement compared with placebo therapy or standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.22 [1.06, 1.4]
8 studies · 583 participants
Moderate

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Social interaction · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 603 participants
Low

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Non‐verbal communication · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 192 participants
Low

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Verbal communication · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 276 participants
Very low

Music therapy vs placebo or usual care

Quality of life · Individuals with autism spectrum disorder

1 finding from 1 review

Music therapy for autistic people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 340 participants
Moderate