Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,510 questions · 2,653 findings · 194 reviews · Gynaecology and Fertility

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No studies found 531 · 20%GRADE not reported 76 · 2.9%Very low 826 · 31.1%Low 855 · 32.2%Moderate 341 · 12.9%High 24 · 0.9%

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Coronary events (MI or cardiac death) · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher coronary events (MI or cardiac death) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.89 [1.15, 3.1]
2 studies · 20993 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Venous thromboembolism · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.22 [1.12, 4.39]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Venous thrombo‐embolism (DVT or PE): CEE 0.625 mg (moderate dose) · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) showed no clear difference in venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE): CEE 0.625 mg (moderate dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [1, 1.74]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Breast cancer · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) showed no clear difference in breast cancer compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.61, 1.01]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Gallbladder disease · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher gallbladder disease compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.78 [1.42, 2.24]
1 study · 8376 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

All clinical fractures · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to lower all clinical fractures compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.65, 0.8]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Stroke · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher stroke compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 146 [1.02, 2.09]
2 studies · 17585 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Venous thromboembolism · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.28 [2.49, 7.34]
2 studies · 20993 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Breast cancer · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher breast cancer compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [1.03, 1.56]
1 study · 16608 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Mortality: lung cancer · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher death from lung cancer compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.74 [1.18, 2.55]
1 study · 16608 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Gallbladder disease · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher gallbladder disease compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.64 [1.3, 2.06]
1 study · 14203 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

All clinical fractures · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to lower all clinical fractures compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.71, 0.86]
1 study · 16608 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Coronary events (MI or cardiac death) · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) showed no clear difference in coronary events (MI or cardiac death) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.13]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Stroke · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher stroke compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.33 [1.06, 1.67]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Total postoperative infections ‐ early and late · women having elective vaginal hysterectomy

Antibiotics may leads to lower total postoperative infections ‐ early and late compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for elective hysterectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.28 [0.19, 0.4]
4 studies · 293 participants
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Pelvic infection · women having elective abdominal hysterectomy

Antibiotics probably leads to lower pelvic infection compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for elective hysterectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.35, 0.71]
11 studies · 1883 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Other serious infections · women having elective abdominal hysterectomy

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics changes other serious infections compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for elective hysterectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.44 [0.12, 1.69]
2 studies · 476 participants
Very low

Antibiotics vs placebo

Postoperative fever · women having elective abdominal hysterectomy

Antibiotics probably leads to lower postoperative fever compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for elective hysterectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.5, 0.7]
11 studies · 2394 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo

Total adverse effects · women having elective abdominal hysterectomy

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics changes total adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for elective hysterectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.8 [0.62, 5.18]
2 studies · 430 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Total postoperative infections ‐ early and late Urinary tract infection Pelvic infection Other serious infections Postoperative fever · women having elective vaginal hysterectomy

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes total postoperative infections ‐ early and late Urinary tract… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic prophylaxis for elective hysterectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 470 participants
Very low