Immersion in water probably leads to lower use of analgesia (regional) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (moderate certainty).
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in perineal trauma (third‐ or fourth‐degree tears) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (moderate certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (very low certainty).
Epidural may leads to higher satisfaction with pain relief ‐ proportion rating excellent or very… compared with opioids (low certainty).
Epidural may leads to higher assisted vaginal birth compared with opioids (low certainty).
Epidural showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
Epidural showed no clear difference in side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
Epidural showed no clear difference in admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit (as… compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
Epidural showed no clear difference in apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes compared with opioids (low certainty).
The intervention may leads to lower pre‐eclampsia (low certainty).
The intervention may leads to lower preterm birth (low certainty).
The intervention leads to higher HELLP syndrome (high certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether any antihypertensive drug changes severe pre‐eclampsia compared with no antihypertensive drugs/placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether any antihypertensive drug changes eclampsia compared with no antihypertensive drugs/placebo (very low certainty).
Any antihypertensive drug showed no clear difference in changed/stopped drugs due to maternal side‐effects compared with no antihypertensive drugs/placebo (low certainty).