Intervention not reported
Minor adverse events** ‒short‐term (> 2 weeks but ≤ 3 months) Minor adverse events provided as the proportion of patients reporting any untoward medical occurrence after an epidural injection without hospitalisations. · lumbosacral radicular pain
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes minor adverse events** ‒short‐term (> 2 weeks but ≤ 3 months) Minor… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Major adverse events** ‒short‐term (> 2 weeks but ≤ 3 months) Major adverse events provided as the proportion of patients reporting any untoward medical occurrence after an epidural injection with hospitalizations. · lumbosacral radicular pain
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Return to work · Patients with acute low‐back pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Disability RMDQ (0 to 24; lower = better) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of participants experiencing global improvement % of dichotomized Likert scale · Patients with acute low‐back pain
NSAIDs may leads to higher proportion of participants experiencing global improvement Various… compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of participants experiencing adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes proportion of participants experiencing adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Return to work · Patients with acute low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes return to work (%) compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Change in pain intensity from baseline on VAS (0 to 100) short‐term · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Disability ODI (0 to 50; lower = better) · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of participants experiencing global improvement % of dichotomized Likert scale · Patients with acute low‐back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of participants experiencing adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain
It is very uncertain whether selective COX‐2 inhibitors changes proportion of participants experiencing adverse events compared with non‐selective NSAIDs (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Back‐specific functional status · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Physical quality of life · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
QoL: mental health SF‐12 (0 to 100; 0 = poor QoL, 100 = high QoL) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events Self‐reported · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
Acupuncture showed no clear difference in adverse events Self‐reported compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Back‐specific functional status · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
QoL · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain
1 finding from 1 review