Late infection during hospitalisation (bacterial or fungal infection confirmed by presence of blood or CSF infection, with initiation of symptoms > 48 hours after birth) · preterm infants
Exposure showed no clear difference in late infection during hospitalisation (bacterial or fungal infection… compared with no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Validated pain scales · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Discomfort/pain · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) showed no clear difference in PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21. Lower… compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Heart rate · neonates with mechanical ventilation
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) showed no clear difference in heart rate compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SaO 2 during endotracheal suctioning · neonates with mechanical ventilation
Familiar odour (breast milk smell) showed no clear difference in saO 2 during endotracheal suctioning compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
— · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Discomfort/pain · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation
White noise showed no clear difference in PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21 Lower… compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch showed no clear difference in PIPP during endotracheal suctioning Range of scale 0 to 21. Lower… compared with standard care (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Heart rate · neonates with mechanical ventilation
White noise showed no clear difference in heart rate compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SaO 2 · neonates with mechanical ventilation
White noise showed no clear difference in saO 2 compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioural indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
— · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Physiological indicators · neonates with mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Heart rate · neonates with mechanical ventilation
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch showed no clear difference in heart rate compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SaO 2 during endotracheal suctioning · neonates with mechanical ventilation
Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch showed no clear difference in saO 2 during endotracheal suctioning compared with standard care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review