Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,252 questions · 2,353 findings · 210 reviews · Neonatal

No studies found 432 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Episodes of apnea · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

It is very uncertain whether topical anesthetics changes apnea: occurrence of one or more episodes№ of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Invasive infection prior to hospital discharge · very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (< 1500 g) infants

The intervention probably leads to higher invasive infection prior to hospital discharge (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs ibuprofen

Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by… compared with ibuprofen (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

Early paracetamol may leads to lower failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (by… compared with placebo/no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review