Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,444 questions · 1,518 findings · 135 reviews · Infectious Diseases

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No studies found 135 · 8.9%GRADE not reported 150 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 23.1%Low 420 · 27.7%Moderate 321 · 21.1%High 142 · 9.4%

Insecticide‐treated bed nets and curtains vs no nets

Level of anaemia: packed cell volume · people of all ages living in malaria transmission settings

Insecticide‐treated bed nets and curtains leads to higher anaemia (mean packed cell volume) compared with no nets (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Insecticide‐treated nets for preventing malaria 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Mean difference 1.29 [0.42, 2.16]
5 studies · 11489 participants
High

Insecticide‐treated bed nets and curtains vs untreated nets

Child mortality from all causes · people of all ages living in malaria transmission settings

Insecticide‐treated bed nets and curtains showed no clear difference in child mortality from all causes compared with untreated nets (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Insecticide‐treated nets for preventing malaria 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Rate ratio 0.67 [0.36, 1.23]
2 studies · 25389 participants
Moderate

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) vs control

Cases of typhoid fever, Year 1 · adults and children aged 5 years of age and older

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) probably leads to lower cases of typhoid fever, Year 1 compared with control (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.55 [0.35, 0.86]
3 studies · 76296 participants
Moderate
Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.29, 0.57]
3 studies · 76296 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Fever · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) showed no clear difference in fever compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.84, 1.13]
3 studies · 132261 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Erythema · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) showed no clear difference in erythema compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.33, 4.03]
3 studies · 132261 participants
Low

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.06 [0.01, 0.25]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.04, 0.44]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years compared with control (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.09 [0.04, 0.22]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate
Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.11 [0.05, 0.23]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Serious adverse events · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 12008 participants
GRADE not reported

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Fever · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose1) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.54 [1.69, 3.62]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose2) · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose2) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.39 [2.85, 6.77]
1 study · 11091 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Erythema · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) showed no clear difference in erythema after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.01 [0.19, 22.21]
1 study · 11091 participants
Low

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Swelling at injection site after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher swelling at injection site after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 20.15 [2.71, 150.08]
1 study · 11091 participants
Moderate

Vi‐TT conjugate vaccine (PedaTyph) (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 · children aged six months to 12 years of age

It is very uncertain whether vi‐TT conjugate vaccine (PedaTyph) (2 doses) changes incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.06 [0, 1.01]
1 study · 1625 participants
Very low

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) vs control

Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 · adults and children aged 5 years of age and older

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) probably leads to lower cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.44 [0.25, 0.76]
3 studies · 76296 participants
Moderate

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years · adults and children aged 5 years of age and older

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) probably leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.39, 0.65]
4 studies · 235239 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.26, 0.37]
3 studies · 99797 participants
High

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.31, 0.55]
4 studies · 194969 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) may leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever –year 3 compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.32, 0.78]
1 study · 11384 participants
Low

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) may leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.3, 0.7]
1 study · 11384 participants
Low