What do systematic reviews say?

Extraction of the primary maxillary canine plus cervical pull headgear vs Extraction of the primary maxillary canine alone

• Extraction of primary (baby) teeth for unerupted palatally displaced permanent canine teeth in children 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 6 months follow-up after the intervention
  Narrative (not pooled, not GRADE-rated). Leonardi 2004: extraction plus headgear (80%) gave significantly higher eruption than extraction alone (50%) (Chi2 4.69; P<0.05). Baccetti 2008: extraction plus headgear was…
  2 studies · 79 participants
  GRADE not reported

Arthrocentesis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No study evaluated arthrocentesis for TMJ OA, which should be explored in future trials (Research recommendations Table 1).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Iontophoretically applied corticosteroids

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for iontophoretically applied corticosteroids; no eligible RCT evaluated it (Discussion).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs corticosteroid injection

Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate led to lower reported pain (mm on VAS) compared with intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone); GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 months
  MD -17.00 [-32.60, -1.40]
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs ibuprofen

Glucosamine sulfate (oral) showed no clear difference in brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - pain interference, change from baseline compared with ibuprofen (oral); GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  90 days
  MD -6.74 [-14.70, 1.22]
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

Physiotherapy modalities (physiotherapy, short-wave diathermy, ultrasound)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for physiotherapy, short-wave diathermy and ultrasound; no eligible RCT evaluated these (Discussion).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs splint

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The study reports morphological changes assessed by CT for the entire sample without distinction of group, so extraction was not possible.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs splint

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 week and 3 months
  Data for pain on movement or pain on palpation of the affected TMJ (both at 1 week and 3 months) could not be extracted, as they are described as percentages of an unclear total number. Narratively, diclofenac sodium…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Open TMJ surgery (arthroplasty / total joint replacement)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No study evaluated open surgery for TMJ OA, which should be explored in future trials (Research recommendations Table 1; Discussion).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Extraction of the primary maxillary canine vs no intervention

• Extraction of primary (baby) teeth for unerupted palatally displaced permanent canine teeth in children 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 6 months follow-up after the intervention
  Change in the sagittal position of the upper first molars (Baccetti 2008 only): average sagittal displacement was 2.65 mm in the extraction-only group and 2.32 mm in the untreated control group (0.24 mm in the…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Extraction of the primary maxillary canine vs no intervention

• Extraction of primary (baby) teeth for unerupted palatally displaced permanent canine teeth in children 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  At least 6 months follow-up after the intervention
  Narrative summary (data not poolable, not GRADE-rated). Leonardi 2004: successful eruption of the permanent canine 50% in the extraction-only group, which was not significantly greater than the success rate in…
  2 studies · 70 participants
  GRADE not reported

Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs ibuprofen

Glucosamine sulfate (oral) led to lower pain during function (proportion without significant improvement) compared with ibuprofen (oral); GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 2012 · Cochrane All outcomes

  90 days
  Six participants in the glucosamine group did not experience significant improvement in TMJ pain compared with seven in the ibuprofen group (Analysis 3.1); Fisher's exact test P = 0.73 (not significant, per the authors).
  1 study · 45 participants
  GRADE not reported

Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft

Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with… led to higher clinical assessment: alveolar ridge healing (0 to 3 grading scale) compared with traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft; GRADE not reported.

• Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.90 [0.64, 1.16]
  1 study · 21 participants
  GRADE not reported

Secondary alveolar bone grafting performed at one timing (e.g. early secondary grafting) vs Secondary alveolar bone grafting performed at a different / optimal timing (e.g. late secondary grafting)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Furthermore, no RCTs were found to study the optimal timing ... with secondary bone grafting surgery. This systematic review has not been able to report all the objectives described in the protocol.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Breastfeeding (post cleft-lip surgery) vs Spoon-feeding

Breastfeeding (post cleft-lip surgery) led to higher weight (kg) compared with spoon-feeding; GRADE not reported.

• Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  6 weeks post-surgery
  MD 0.47 [0.20, 0.74]
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Maternal advice and support (feeding techniques/breastfeeding positions) vs Usual care (no additional advice/support)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No trials were identified that examined the effect of additional maternal support or advice during breastfeeding (or bottle-feeding); no studies evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention (plain-language summary…
  0 studies
  No studies found

Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with rhBMP-2 vs Traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft

Artificial bone graft: InFuse (collagen matrix) impregnated with… led to higher radiographic assessment: periapical film (0 to 3 grading scale) compared with traditional iliac crest cancellous bone graft; GRADE not reported.

• Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  1 year
  MD 0.60 [0.30, 0.90]
  1 study · 21 participants
  GRADE not reported

Breastfeeding (post cleft-lip surgery) vs Spoon-feeding

• Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  post-surgery
  Duration of hospital stay (days): no statistically significant difference between the two groups (Darzi 1996); no pooled estimate displayed (totals not selected).
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Squeezable (modified) feeding bottle vs Rigid feeding bottle

• Feeding interventions for growth and development in infants with cleft lip, cleft palate or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 to 6 months
  Mean energy and protein intakes (Brine 1994): statistically significant difference for protein intake at 3 and 6 months in favour of the squeezable bottle (P < 0.05); possibly confounded by four infants receiving a…
  1 study · 37 participants
  GRADE not reported

Arthroscopy vs open surgery

Arthroscopy showed no clear difference in tenderness on palpation in jaw muscles (clinical evaluation, 12… compared with open surgery; GRADE not reported.

• Arthroscopy for temporomandibular disorders 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months
  Peto OR 2.00 [0.20, 19.98]
  2 studies · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported