Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,252 questions · 2,353 findings · 210 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 432 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

Pain · postoperative pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether continuous infusion changes pain compared with bolus administration (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0
2 studies · 133 participants
Very low
Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.07
2 studies · 133 participants
Very low

'As needed' administration (e.g. based on pain scales) vs 'as scheduled' administration (e.g. a predefined time interval)

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months or three to five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

'As needed' administration (e.g. based on pain scales) vs 'as scheduled' administration (e.g. a predefined time interval)

Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

'As needed' administration (e.g. based on pain scales) vs 'as scheduled' administration (e.g. a predefined time interval)

Severe (defined as stage 3 or greater) retinopathy of prematurity ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

'As needed' administration (e.g. based on pain scales) vs 'as scheduled' administration (e.g. a predefined time interval)

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months or three to five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

Severe (defined as stage 3 or greater) retinopathy of prematurity ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Continuous infusion vs bolus administration

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

'As needed' administration (e.g. based on pain scales) vs 'as scheduled' administration (e.g. a predefined time interval)

Pain · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

'As needed' administration (e.g. based on pain scales) vs 'as scheduled' administration (e.g. a predefined time interval)

All‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioid regimens for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain (PIPP) · procedural pain in neonates

3 findings from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 199 participants
Moderate
Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 123 participants
Very low
Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 54 participants
Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain, assessed using the CRIES pain scale, ranging from 0 to 10, during the procedure— opioids versus facilitated tucking · procedural pain in neonates

2 findings from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Very low
Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Very low

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Harms · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Episodes of apnoea · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Hypotension—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found