Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

729 questions · 775 findings · 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma

No studies found 166 · 21.4%GRADE not reported 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%

Summary of findings. Bandage vs cast

Physical function · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings. Bandage changes physical function (short‐term): no problems or only 'limited… compared with cast (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings. Bandage vs cast

Treatment failure: (3 to 6 weeks · children with stable wrist fracture, predominantly buckle (torus) fracturesa

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings. Bandage changes treatment failure: (3 to 6 weeks compared with cast (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Failure: second attempt required · Children with pulled elbow1

The intervention may leads to lower failure: second attempt required (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Failure: continued failure after second attempt using same procedure as before · Children with pulled elbow1

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes failure: continued failure after second attempt using same procedure… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local corticosteroid injection (LCI) vs a control strategy (no treatment, placebo or waiting list controls)

Heel pain: VAS 0 to 100 (higher scores = worse pain) ‐ short‐term · Adults with plantar heel pain¹

Local steroid injection showed no clear difference in heel pain: VAS 0 to 100 (higher scores = worse pain) ‐ short‐term compared with placebo or no treatment control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local corticosteroid injection (LCI) vs a control strategy (no treatment, placebo or waiting list controls)

Heel pain: VAS 0 to 100 (higher scores = worse pain) ‐ medium‐term · Adults with plantar heel pain¹

Local steroid injection showed no clear difference in heel pain: VAS 0 to 100 (higher scores = worse pain) ‐ medium‐term compared with placebo or no treatment control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local corticosteroid injection (LCI) vs a control strategy (no treatment, placebo or waiting list controls)

Function: medium‐term FFI (0 to 100: higher scores = worse function) FHSQ (0 to 100: higher scores = better function · Adults with plantar heel pain¹

It is very uncertain whether local steroid injection changes function: medium‐term FFI (0 to 100: higher scores = worse function)… compared with placebo or no treatment control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local corticosteroid injection (LCI) vs a control strategy (no treatment, placebo or waiting list controls)

Treatment failure (Heel pain persists at 8 weeks; subsequent treatment at 12 weeks; no pain relief at 6 months) · Adults with plantar heel pain¹

It is very uncertain whether local steroid injection changes treatment failure (Heel pain persists at 8 weeks; subsequent… compared with placebo or no treatment control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants vs placebo

Muscle soreness · mainly physically active individuals1 partaking in exercise2 designed to produce delayed onset muscle soreness

Summary of findings: antioxidants showed no clear difference in muscle soreness compared with placebo (low certainty).

5 findings from 1 review
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Bone marrow vs steroid injection

Success rate (radiographically‐assessed healing of cyst healing based on the Neer/Cole rating system) · children with simple bone cysts

It is very uncertain whether bone marrow changes success rate (radiographically‐assessed healing of cyst healing… compared with steroid injections (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review