What do systematic reviews say?

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · subacute neck pain

Disability Neck Disability Index, from 0 (no disability) to 50 (maximal disability) · subacute neck pain

Kinesiophobia various scales · subacute neck pain

Back pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Disability long term Oswestry; 100‐point scale where 0 equals no disability and 100 is seriously disabled. · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Return to work · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Adverse events Adverse events due to study interventions · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Pain A 0 t o 100 visual or numerical scale, where 0 equals no pain at all and 100 is the worst pain imaginable · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Work long term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Adverse events · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Return to work · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Adverse events · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Disability long term Various · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Return to work · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Adverse events · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Pain long term SF‐36 Pain subscale; where 100 equals pain‐free · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Pain (post‐treatment) VAS or LBPRS · patients four to six weeks after lumbar disc surgery