Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

671 questions · 731 findings · 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

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No studies found 57 · 7.8%GRADE not reported 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%

Brief intervention vs information only

Alcohol quantity Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 434 participants
Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

Cannabis dependence Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 470 participants
Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

Cannabis frequency · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 470 participants
Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

Secondary outcomes related to substance use Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 470 participants
Moderate

Brief intervention vs assessment only

Alcohol frequency Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 242 participants
Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

Alcohol quantity Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 179 participants
Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

Cannabis dependence Self report questionnaires Medium‐term · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 190 participants
Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

Cannabis frequency · Substance‐using adolescents

1 finding from 1 review

Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 338 participants
Low

Dopamine agonist vs placebo

Leaving the study early · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Any dopamine agonist showed no clear difference in dropouts compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.94, 1.14]
20 studies · 1656 participants
Moderate

Amantidine vs antidepressants

Leaving the study early · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Amantidine showed no clear difference in dropouts compared with antidepressants (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.48, 1.53]
4 studies · 153 participants
Moderate

Amantidine vs antidepressants

Risk for at least one adverse event per patient · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Amantidine showed no clear difference in adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event compared with antidepressants (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.56 [0.18, 1.77]
2 studies · 44 participants
Low

Amantidine vs antidepressants

Abstinence · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Amantidine may leads to lower abstinence (objective) N of subjects abstinent at the end of the study compared with antidepressants (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.25 [0.12, 0.53]
2 studies · 68 participants
Low

Dopamine agonist vs placebo

Risk for at least one adverse event per patient · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Any dopamine agonist showed no clear difference in adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [0.66, 2.44]
7 studies · 252 participants
Moderate

Dopamine agonist vs placebo

Point abstinence (number of participants who were abstinent at the end of the treatment) · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Any dopamine agonist showed no clear difference in abstinence (objective) Participants abstinent at the end of… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.85, 1.47]
11 studies · 731 participants
Low

Dopamine agonist vs placebo

Abstinence · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Any dopamine agonist showed no clear difference in abstinence at compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.61, 1.98]
4 studies · 136 participants
Low

Dopamine agonist vs placebo

Severity of dependence (difference before and after) · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 202 participants
Low

Amantadine vs placebo

Leaving the study early · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Amantadine showed no clear difference in dropouts compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.77, 1.26]
9 studies · 484 participants
Moderate

Amantadine vs placebo

Risk for at least one adverse event per patient · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Amantadine showed no clear difference in adverse events as N of participants with at least one adverse event compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.19 [0.69, 2.06]
4 studies · 128 participants
Moderate

Amantadine vs placebo

Abstinence · patients with the treatment of cocaine dependence

Amantadine showed no clear difference in abstinence (objective) N of subjects abstinent at the end of the study compared with placebo (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.59, 2.13]
5 studies · 275 participants
Low
Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.49 [1.03, 2.15]
3 studies · 76 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) (Any psychosocial intervention vs. control)

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation) (Any psychosocial intervention… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.34, 1.51]
3 studies · 264 participants
Moderate