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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

729 questions · 775 findings · 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma

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No studies found 166 · 21.4%GRADE not reported 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Number of participants sustaining recurrent patellar dislocation · people with lateral patellar dislocation

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes number of participants sustaining recurrent patellar dislocationa compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Kujala patellofemoral disorders score Scale from: 0 to 100 (higher scores = better function) · people with lateral patellar dislocation

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes knee and physical functiona Measured using the Kujala patellofemoral… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Adverse effects of treatment Overall incidence of complications · people with lateral patellar dislocation

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes adverse effects of treatment Overall incidence of complications compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Patient‐reported knee instabilitya Incidence of patellar subluxation · people with lateral patellar dislocation

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes patient‐reported knee instabilitya Incidence of patellar subluxation compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

Subsequent requirement for surgery (re‐operations) for complications Incidence · people with lateral patellar dislocation

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes subsequent requirement for surgery (reoperations) for complicationsa… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Delayed or non‐union (medium term) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound showed no clear difference in delayed or non‐union (medium term) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Adverse events ‐ total of adverse events (Skin irritation) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

It is very uncertain whether low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound changes adverse events Reported as skin irritation compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review