What do systematic reviews say?

Blue light vs white light

Blue light showed no clear difference in any adverse events (up to 90 days; MCID 5%) compared with white light (low certainty).

• Blue versus white light for transurethral resection of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.88, 1.33]
  3 studies · 1375 participants
  Low

Blue light vs white light

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Blue versus white light for transurethral resection of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Abundant water intake vs standard water intake

Increased water intake may leads to lower stone recurrence (assessed as symptomatic renal colic/stone… compared with standard water intake (low certainty).

• Water for preventing urinary stones 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.24, 0.84]
  1 study · 199 participants
  Low

Abundant water intake vs standard water intake

Increased water intake may leads to lower time to recurrence (absolute event rate based on 5‐year compared with standard water intake (low certainty).

• Water for preventing urinary stones 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.4 [0.2, 0.79]
  1 study · 199 participants
  Low

Abundant water intake vs standard water intake

• Water for preventing urinary stones 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting

Radical prostatectomy probably leads to lower time to death from any causeMedian compared with watchful waiting (moderate certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.79 [0.7, 0.9]
  3 studies · 1537 participants
  Moderate

Radical prostatectomy vs active monitoring

Radical prostatectomy probably leads to lower time to disease progressionMedian compared with active monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.39 [0.27, 0.56]
  1 study · 1098 participants
  Moderate

Radical prostatectomy vs active monitoring

Radical prostatectomy probably leads to lower incidence of metastatic diseaseMedian compared with active monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.39 [0.21, 0.73]
  1 study · 1098 participants
  Moderate

Radical prostatectomy vs active monitoring

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 856 participants
  Moderate

Radical prostatectomy vs active monitoring

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 782 participants
  Low

Radical prostatectomy vs active monitoring

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 756 participants
  Low

Radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting

Radical prostatectomy probably leads to lower time to death from prostate cancerMedian compared with watchful waiting (moderate certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.57 [0.44, 0.73]
  2 studies · 1426 participants
  Moderate

Radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting

Radical prostatectomy may leads to lower time to disease progressionMedian compared with watchful waiting (low certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.43 [0.35, 0.54]
  2 studies · 1426 participants
  Low

Radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting

Radical prostatectomy probably leads to lower time to metastatic diseaseMedian compared with watchful waiting (moderate certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.56 [0.46, 0.7]
  2 studies · 1426 participants
  Moderate

Radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting

Radical prostatectomy showed no clear difference in quality of life compared with watchful waiting (low certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.85, 1.16]
  1 study · 339 participants
  Low

Radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting

Radical prostatectomy may leads to higher urinary function: incontinence compared with watchful waiting (low certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.97 [2.34, 6.74]
  1 study · 731 participants
  Low

Radical prostatectomy vs watchful waiting

Radical prostatectomy may leads to higher sexual function: erectile dysfunction compared with watchful waiting (low certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.67 [1.63, 4.38]
  1 study · 731 participants
  Low

Radical prostatectomy vs active monitoring

Radical prostatectomy showed no clear difference in time to death from any causeMedian compared with active monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.93 [0.65, 1.33]
  1 study · 1098 participants
  Moderate

Radical prostatectomy vs active monitoring

Radical prostatectomy showed no clear difference in time to death from prostate cancerMedian compared with active monitoring (moderate certainty).

• Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.63 [0.21, 1.89]
  1 study · 1098 participants
  Moderate

Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vs mitomycin

Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) showed no clear difference in time to death from any cause (absolute effect size estimates based… compared with mitomycin C (MMC) (low certainty).

• Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.97 [0.79, 1.2]
  5 studies · 1132 participants
  Low