Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section (all indications) Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes caesarean section (all indications) Â (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.59, 1.18]
1 study · 327 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Neonatal encephalopathy Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 327 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Assisted vaginal birth (all indications) Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes assisted vaginal birth (all indications) Â (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.43 [0.78, 2.6]
1 study · 327 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Spontaneous vaginal birth Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes spontaneous vaginal birth Â (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.85, 1.21]
1 study · 327 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal acceptability of procedure Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 327 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Neurodevelopmental disability at >/= 12 months · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Caesarean section (all indications) · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes caesarean section (all indications) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.16, 0.92]
1 study · 50 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Neonatal encephalopathy Â · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Assisted vaginal birth (all indications) Â · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes assisted vaginal birth (all indications) Â (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.44 [0.76, 2.75]
1 study · 50 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Spontaneous vaginal birth Â · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes spontaneous vaginal birth Â (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.33 [0.68, 8.01]
1 study · 50 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal acceptability of procedure(s) · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Perinatal death Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 327 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Neurodevelopmental disability at >/= 12 months Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 327 participants
GRADE not reported

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.8, 1.27]
5 studies · 516 participants
Moderate

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs IV nitroglycerin

Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in fetal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.6, 1.12]
5 studies · 516 participants
Moderate

Sildenafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Sildenafil citrate showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.45 [0.9, 2.33]
5 studies · 397 participants
Moderate

Tadalafil vs Placebo or no active treatment

All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction

Tadalafil showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.6]
1 study · 87 participants
Low