Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,535 questions · 3,601 findings · 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 726 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%

Ritgen's manoeuvre vs usual care

1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

It is very uncertain whether ritgen's manoeuvre changes 1st degree tear compared with standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.32 [0.14, 0.69]
1 study · 66 participants
Very low

Ritgen's manoeuvre vs usual care

2nd degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

It is very uncertain whether ritgen's manoeuvre changes 2nd degree tear compared with standard care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.25 [1.73, 6.09]
1 study · 66 participants
Very low

Ritgen's manoeuvre vs usual care

3rd or 4th degree tears · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Ritgen's manoeuvre showed no clear difference in 3rd or 4th degree tears compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [0.78, 1.96]
1 study · 1423 participants
Low

Ritgen's manoeuvre vs usual care

Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Ritgen's manoeuvre showed no clear difference in episiotomy compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.63, 1.03]
2 studies · 1489 participants
Low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Hands off (or poised) showed no clear difference in 1st degree tear compared with hands on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [0.99, 1.77]
2 studies · 700 participants
Low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

2nd degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Hands off (or poised) showed no clear difference in 2nd degree tear compared with hands on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.47, 1.28]
2 studies · 700 participants
Low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

3rd or 4th degree tears · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

It is very uncertain whether hands off (or poised) changes 3rd or 4th degree tears compared with hands on (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.21, 2.26]
5 studies · 7317 participants
Very low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Hands off (or poised) may leads to lower episiotomy compared with hands on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.43, 0.79]
4 studies · 7247 participants
Low

Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress)

Intact perineum · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Warm compresses showed no clear difference in intact perineum compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.21]
4 studies · 1799 participants
Moderate

Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress)

Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

It is very uncertain whether warm compresses changes perineal trauma requiring suturing compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [0.79, 1.66]
1 study · 76 participants
Very low

Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress)

1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

It is very uncertain whether warm compresses changes 1st degree tear compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.19 [0.38, 3.79]
2 studies · 274 participants
Very low

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Gestational diabetes · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether dietary advice interventions changes gestational diabetes compared with standard care (maternal outcomes) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.35, 1.04]
5 studies · 1279 participants
Very low

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Mortality or morbidity composite · pregnant women

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Adiposity · pregnant women

Dietary advice interventions showed no clear difference in childhood/adulthood adiposity: skinfold thickness at 6 months (mm) compared with standard care (child outcomes) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 132 participants
Low

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Childhood/adulthood type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Neurosensory disability · pregnant women

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes)

Gestational diabetes · pregnant women

Low‐GI dietary advice showed no clear difference in gestational diabetes compared with moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.63, 1.31]
4 studies · 912 participants
Low

Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes)

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy · pregnant women

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes)

Caesarean section · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether low‐GI dietary advice changes caesarean birth compared with moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [0.79, 2.04]
2 studies · 201 participants
Very low