Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

40 questions · 40 findings · 15 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 7 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 3 · 7.5%Very low 13 · 32.5%Low 10 · 25%Moderate 6 · 15%High 1 · 2.5%

Laser ablation vs radiofrequency ablation

Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery

It is very uncertain whether laser ablation changes serious adverse events (number of participants) compared with radiofrequency ablation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Transarterial embolisation plus radiofrequency ablation vs radiofrequency ablation

Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery

It is very uncertain whether transarterial embolisation plus radiofrequency ablation changes serious adverse events (number of participants) compared with radiofrequency ablation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Transarterial embolisation plus percutaneous alcohol injection vs percutaneous alcohol injection

Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery

It is very uncertain whether transarterial embolisation plus percutaneous alcohol injection changes serious adverse events (number of participants) compared with percutaneous alcohol injection (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Percutaneous ethanol injection vs radiofrequency ablation

Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery

It is very uncertain whether percutaneous alcohol injection changes serious adverse events (number of participants) compared with radiofrequency ablation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta‐1a

Number of participants with serious adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis

Alemtuzumab 24 mg showed no clear difference in number of participants with serious adverse events compared with interferon beta 1a (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a

Number of participants with serious adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis

Alemtuzumab 12 mg showed no clear difference in number of participants with serious adverse events compared with interferon beta 1a (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharide

Serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable… changes serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants compared with non‐absorbable disaccharides alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo or no intervention

Serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin showed no clear difference in serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants compared with placebo/no intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide

Serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin showed no clear difference in serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants compared with non‐absorbable disaccharide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication vs unsupervised consumption

Adverse serious events (any) (number of participants) · patients with opioid dependence

It is very uncertain whether supervised dosing with a long‐acting medication changes adverse serious events (any) (number of participants) compared with unsupervised consumption (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ocrelizumab vs placebo

Number of participants with any serious adverse events · primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Ocrelizumab showed no clear difference in number of participants with any serious adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a

Number of participants with any serious adverse events · patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis

Ocrelizumab showed no clear difference in number of participants with any serious adverse events compared with interferon beta‐1a (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs non‐absorbable disaccharide

Non‐serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin changes non‐serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants compared with non‐absorbable disaccharide (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable disaccharides vs non‐absorbable disaccharide

Non‐serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin plus non‐absorbable… changes non‐serious adverse events ‐ total number of participants compared with non‐absorbable disaccharides alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation

Adverse events considered non‐serious · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

It is very uncertain whether adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver… changes adverse events considered non‐serious (number of participants) compared with liver transplantation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

E1B‐deleted (dl1520) adenovirus vs percutaneous alcohol injection

Adverse events considered non‐serious · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

It is very uncertain whether E1B‐deleted (dl1520) adenovirus changes adverse events considered non‐serious (number of participants) compared with percutaneous ethanol injection (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa‐Vec) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care

Adverse events considered non‐serious · participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

It is very uncertain whether pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa‐Vec) plus best supportive care changes adverse events considered non‐serious (number of participants) compared with best supportive care alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol vs paracetamol

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review