What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  GRADE not reported

Zinc vs no zinc supplementation

Zinc supplementation showed no clear difference in perinatal death compared with no zinc (with or without placebo) (low certainty).

• Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [0.81, 1.51]
  2 studies · 2489 participants
  Low

Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs no treatment or placebo

Intramuscular (IM) progesterone showed no clear difference in perinatal death compared with no treatment or placebo (low certainty).

• Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.6, 3.51]
  6 studies · 3089 participants
  Low

Vaginal progesterone vs no treatment or placebo

Vaginal progesterone showed no clear difference in perinatal death compared with no treatment or placebo (low certainty).

• Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.74, 2.06]
  3 studies · 2287 participants
  Low

Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour

It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes perinatal death compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).

• Immersion in water during labour and birth 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3 [0.12, 72.2]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Very low

Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Immersion in water during labour and birth 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal death (moderate certainty).

• Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.54, 1.03]
  10 studies · 7416 participants
  Moderate

Pre‐mixed insulin (70 NPH/30 REG) vs self‐mixed split dose insulin (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen)

• Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Lispro vs regular insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens)

• Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Very low

Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen)

• Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens)

• Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Human insulin vs animal insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens)

• Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Prophylactic vs selective blood transfusion

It is very uncertain whether prophylactic changes perinatal death compared with selective blood transfusion (very low certainty).

• Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell disease in pregnancy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.85 [0.61, 13.22]
  1 study · 76 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) vs no treatment (comparison 1)

Summary of findings ‐ Nipple stimulation (suckling) showed no clear difference in perinatal death compared with no treatment (comparison 1) (low certainty).

• Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.57, 1.98]
  1 study · 4271 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal death (low certainty).

• External cephalic version for breech presentation at term 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.39 [0.09, 1.64]
  8 studies · 1305 participants
  Low

Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits

Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented showed no clear difference in perinatal death compared with standard antenatal care visits (moderate certainty).

• Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low‐risk pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [1, 1.31]
  5 studies · 56431 participants
  Moderate

Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting

• Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1076 participants
  Low

Specialised antenatal clinics vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether specialised antenatal clinics changes perinatal death compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.26, 4.03]
  1 study · 324 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in perinatal death (moderate certainty).

• Micronutrient supplementation in pregnant women with HIV infection 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.36 [0.75, 2.47]
  1 study · 397 participants
  Moderate