What do systematic reviews say?

Injectional nicardipine vs Normal saline

It is very uncertain whether injectional nicardipine changes treatment‐related adverse effects compared with saline (very low certainty).

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.82 [0.12, 66.62]
  1 study · 62 participants
  Very low

Injectional collagenase vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.32 [1.98, 2.72]
  1 study · 832 participants
  Moderate

Potassium paraaminobenzoate vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether potassium paraaminobenzoate changes treatment‐related adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [0.36, 4.48]
  1 study · 103 participants
  Very low

Injectional verapamil vs saline (short‐term)

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 14 participants
  Very low

Injectional Botox vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy vs sham

It is very uncertain whether extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT) changes treatment‐related adverse effects compared with sham (very low certainty).

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.73 [0.74, 10.14]
  3 studies · 166 participants
  Very low

Penile traction therapy vs no treatment (short‐term)

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 90 participants
  Very low

Analgesic‐decongestant vs placebo

Analgesic‐decongestant showed no clear difference in adverse effects: gastrointestinal compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.71 [0.97, 3.01]
  5 studies · 1644 participants
  High

Phacoemulsification vs phacoemulsification plus trabeculectomy

Phacoemulsification showed no clear difference in adverse effects (up to 12 months) compared with phacoemulsification plus trabeculectomy (low certainty).

• Lens extraction for chronic angle‐closure glaucoma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.34, 1.04]
  63 participants
  Low

Alkylating agents vs cyclosporin

Alkylating agents showed no clear difference in adverse effects: serum creatinine compared with cyclosporin (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.69]
  2 studies · 106 participants
  Low

Rituximab vs placebo or control

Rituximab showed no clear difference in adverse effects: severe infection compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.26, 3.15]
  3 studies · 222 participants
  Low

Cyclophosphamide vs chlorambucil

Cyclophosphamide may leads to lower adverse effects: thrombocytopenia compared with chlorambucil (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.43 [0.21, 0.87]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Cyclophosphamide vs chlorambucil

It is very uncertain whether cyclophosphamide changes adverse effects: severe infection compared with chlorambucil (very low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.63 [0.23, 91.81]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Very low

Pregabalin vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings ‐ Pharmacological intervention (pregabalin) changes treatment‐related adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating neuropathic pain in people with sickle cell disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33
  1 study · 22 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

First‐line high‐dose thiazide vs placebo

• First‐line drugs for hypertension 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 15170 participants
  Low

First‐line beta‐blocker vs placebo

First‐line beta‐blocker may leads to higher withdrawal due to adverse effects compared with placebo (low certainty).

• First‐line drugs for hypertension 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.59 [4.11, 5.13]
  4 studies · 18565 participants
  Low

First‐line low‐dose thiazide vs placebo

• First‐line drugs for hypertension 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 8870 participants
  Low