What do systematic reviews say?

Summary of findings table ‐ Metformin + megestrol vs megestrol

• Metformin for endometrial hyperplasia 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 8 participants
  Very low

Professional oral care vs Usual oral care

• Oral care measures for preventing nursing home‐acquired pneumonia 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Measured in only 1 study (834 participants), which reported no serious events and 64 non-serious events, the most common of which were oral cavity disturbances (not defined) and dental staining.
  1 study · 834 participants
  GRADE not reported

Stiripentol vs add‐on placebo

• Stiripentol add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 32 participants
  GRADE not reported

Mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclosporin

Mycophenolate mofetil may leads to lower adverse effects: gum hypertrophy compared with cyclosporin (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.02, 0.47]
  3 studies · 144 participants
  Low

Alkylating agents vs cyclosporin

Alkylating agents may leads to lower adverse effects: gum hypertrophy compared with cyclosporin (low certainty).

• Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.08 [0.01, 0.59]
  2 studies · 106 participants
  Low

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers vs placebo or no treatment

Vitamin D given to lactating mothers showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.31 [0.51, 3.32]
  3 studies · 557 participants
  Low

Vitamin D given to infants vs placebo or no treatment

Vitamin D given to infants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (hypercalcaemia) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.54, 3.86]
  1 study · 98 participants
  Low

NB‐UVB vs medium‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (50 J/cm²)

Narrowband UVB phototherapy may leads to lower primary outcome: Adverse effects compared with medium‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (50 J/cm²) (low certainty).

• Interventions for morphea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.03 [0, 0.42]
  1 study · 35 participants
  Low

NB‐UVB vs low‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (20 J/cm²)

Narrowband UVB phototherapy may leads to lower primary outcome: Adverse effects compared with low‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (20 J/cm²) (low certainty).

• Interventions for morphea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.03 [0, 0.41]
  1 study · 45 participants
  Low

Oral methotrexate and oral prednisone vs prednisone or placebo

Oral methotrexate and oral prednisone showed no clear difference in primary outcome: Adverse effects compared with placebo and oral prednisone (low certainty).

• Interventions for morphea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.23 [0.75, 2.04]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Low

Medium‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (50 J/cm²) vs low‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (20 J/cm²)

Medium‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (50 J/cm²) showed no clear difference in primary outcome: Adverse effects compared with low‐dose UVA‐1 phototherapy (20 J/cm²) (low certainty).

• Interventions for morphea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.91, 1.1]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Low

GnRH agonist plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone

GnRH agonist plus chemotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects: vaginal dryness compared with chemotherapy alone (moderate certainty).

• Adjuvant gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogues for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced premature ovarian failure… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18 [0.68, 2.04]
  2 studies · 488 participants
  Moderate

Low‐level laser therapy vs simple dressing

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Wax therapy vs foot soaks

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Open surgical exposure vs Closed surgical exposure

• Open versus closed surgical exposure of canine teeth that are displaced in the roof of the mouth 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Perioperative to alignment
  SoF (Complications, no GRADE rating given): 'One surgical failure was due to detachment of the gold chain (closed group). One study reported two complications following surgery, both in the closed group: a…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether antidepressants (trazodone 200 mg/day) changes adverse effects: abdominal pains compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes

  short-term (up to 3 months)
  RR 1.32 [0.42, 4.15]
  1 study · 37 participants
  Very low

rHuEPO once/week vs rHuEPO

• Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 173 participants
  GRADE not reported

Aquatic training vs land‐based training

Aquatic training showed no clear difference in withdrawals and adverse effects8 compared with land‐based training (low certainty).

• Aquatic exercise training for fibromyalgia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Risk ratio 0.91 [0.43, 1.91]
  4 studies · 217 participants
  Low

Aquatic training vs control

Aquatic training showed no clear difference in withdrawals and adverse effects8 compared with control (low certainty).

• Aquatic exercise training for fibromyalgia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Risk ratio 1.13 [0.73, 1.77]
  8 studies · 472 participants
  Low

Injectional interferon alpha‐2B vs Normal saline

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐surgical therapies for Peyronie's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found