What do systematic reviews say?

Add‐on felbamate vs placebo

• Felbamate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 236 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Eslicarbazepine acetate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Amitriptyline vs nomifensine

• Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Venlafaxine vs no treatment

• Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Sertraline vs cognitive behavioural therapy

• Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 118 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  88 participants
  Low

Paroxetine vs doxepin

• Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 67 participants
  Moderate

Ketogenic diet (KD) vs other KDs

• Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 286 participants
  Very low

Ketogenic diet (KD) vs other KDs

• Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care

• Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 425 participants
  Low

Ketogenic diet (KD) vs usual care

• Ketogenic diets for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 141 participants
  Very low

Add‐on lamotrigine vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether add‐on lamotrigine changes adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Lamotrigine add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant generalised tonic‐clonic seizures 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.29, 2.86]
  2 studies · 270 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher adverse effects (low certainty).

• Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of infants with severe myoclonic epilepsy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.73 [1.81, 7.67]
  1 study · 41 participants
  Low

Diazepam gel vs Placebo gel

Diazepam gel showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with placebo gel (moderate certainty).

• Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [0.94, 2.37]
  2 studies · 165 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Intravenous lorazepam vs intravenous diazepam

• Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 264 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings ‐ Intravenous lorazepam vs intravenous diazepam/intravenous phenytoin combination

Lorazepam IV showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with diazepam plus phenytoin IV (moderate certainty).

• Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.63, 1.15]
  2 studies · 370 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture vs sham

• Acupuncture for epilepsy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 120 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture vs phenytoin

• Acupuncture for epilepsy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 120 participants
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings: needle acupuncture plus Chinese herbs vs Chinese herbs alone

• Acupuncture for epilepsy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 120 participants
  GRADE not reported

Stiripentol vs add‐on placebo

Add‐on stiripentol may leads to higher ≥ 1 adverse effects compared with add‐on placebo (low certainty).

• Stiripentol add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.65 [1.08, 6.47]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Low