Same question across reviews · CL0027
aetiology :: Exposure: smoking/tobacco -> Other outcome
ProposalThis cluster groups questions by review type, intervention category and outcome domain. It is a proposal pending human validation, so questions in it may differ in population, comparator or timing.
Reviews
1
Questions
1
current versions
GRADE rated
0
Review overlap (CCA)
NR
over all included studies of these reviews, not this question only
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
E-cigarette use (electronic nicotine delivery systems / vaping) vs Non-smokers (non-users) Oral candidiasis / Candida spp. prevalence · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition) An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup. (2025) | Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. (e.g., C. albicans) and increased fungal species compared with non-smokers (Ralho, Camoni [32,28]); no pooled estimate reported. | 2 studies | Ungraded |