Primary study · included by 1 review

Effect of orthodontic therapy with fixed and removable appliances on oral microbiota: a six-month longitudinal study.

Petti 1997 · Petti S, Barbato E, Simonetti D'Arca A · The new microbiologica · 1997

Included by

Comparative impact of clear aligners versus fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal health, pain, and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2026 · cited as Petti 1997 · Table 2 row 31; Fig. 5

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Probing depth Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All reported follow-up	SMD -0.681	NR	GRADE not reported
Plaque index Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All reported follow-up (up to 18 months)	MD -0.437 [-0.507, -0.367]	12 studies · 687 participants	GRADE not reported
Probing depth Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All reported follow-up	MD -0.332 [-0.431, -0.234]	8 studies · 445 participants	High
Plaque index Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All reported follow-up	MD -0.667 [-1.019, -0.315]	5 studies	GRADE not reported
Plaque index Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All reported follow-up	SMD -0.959 [-1.148, -0.770]	NR	GRADE not reported
Plaque index Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All reported follow-up	MD -0.457 [-0.563, -0.350]	6 studies	GRADE not reported
Probing depth Clear aligners (Invisalign and similar removable aligners) vs Fixed orthodontic appliances (metal, self-ligating, ceramic, lingual brackets) · All reported follow-up	MD -0.348 [-0.444, -0.253]	NR	GRADE not reported

1 including review in total.