Primary study · included by 1 review

Fully automatic segmentation of sinonasal cavity and pharyngeal airway based on convolutional neural networks.

Leonardi 2021 · Leonardi Rosalia, Lo Giudice Antonino, Farronato Marco, et al. · American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics · 2021

Included by

Efficacy of Automatic 3D Segmentation of the Upper Airway in CBCT or CT Scans via Artificial Intelligence Versus Manual Segmentation by Human Experts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Non-Cochrane · DTA · 2026 · cited as Leonardi 2021 · Table 1/Table 2; reference list; forest plot

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Total volume difference Automatic 3D segmentation by artificial intelligence (deep learning or machine learning) vs Manual segmentation by human experts	Weighted mean 1.93 [1.61, 2.25]	1 study	GRADE not reported
Total volume difference of AI segmentation AI-based (deep learning or machine learning) 3D segmentation vs Manual segmentation by human experts	MD 1.93 [1.63, 2.23]	2 studies	GRADE not reported
Total volume difference Automatic 3D segmentation by artificial intelligence (deep learning or machine learning) vs Manual segmentation by human experts	Weighted mean 1.9 [1.03, 2.77]	1 study	GRADE not reported

1 including review in total.