Primary study · included by 1 review

The effect of music versus nonmusic on behavioral signs of distress and self-report of pain in pediatric injection patients.

Noguchi 2006 · Noguchi Laura K · Journal of music therapy · 2006

Included by

Music intervention alleviates pain and distress in children undergoing vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Non-Cochrane · intervention · 2025 · cited as Noguchi 2006 · Table 1; Fig. 4; Fig. 5; references 25-29

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Pain intensity (WBFRS, NIPS, FPS, FPS-R) Music intervention (lullabies, children's songs, recorded music) during or within 15 min of vaccination vs Standard or routine care without music · During vaccination procedure	SMD -0.58 [-0.92, -0.24]	4 studies · 207 participants	GRADE not reported
Distress (OSBD, OSBD-R) Music intervention (lullabies, children's songs, recorded music) during or within 15 min of vaccination vs Standard or routine care without music · During vaccination procedure	SMD -0.84 [-1.18, -0.50]	2 studies · 138 participants	GRADE not reported
Distress (OSBD, OSBD-R) Music intervention (lullabies, children's songs, recorded music) during or within 15 min of vaccination vs Standard or routine care without music · During vaccination procedure	SMD -0.76 [-1.44, -0.09]	2 studies · 140 participants	GRADE not reported
Pain intensity (WBFRS, NIPS, FPS, FPS-R) Music intervention (lullabies, children's songs, recorded music) during or within 15 min of vaccination vs Standard or routine care without music · During vaccination procedure	SMD -0.34 [-1.02, 0.34]	2 studies · 108 participants	GRADE not reported
Pain intensity (WBFRS, NIPS, FPS, FPS-R) Music intervention (lullabies, children's songs, recorded music) during or within 15 min of vaccination vs Standard or routine care without music · During vaccination procedure	SMD -0.55 [-0.81, -0.28]	4 studies · 207 participants	GRADE not reported
Distress (OSBD, OSBD-R) Music intervention (lullabies, children's songs, recorded music) during or within 15 min of vaccination vs Standard or routine care without music · During vaccination procedure	SMD -0.83 [-1.12, -0.54]	3 studies · 179 participants	GRADE not reported

1 including review in total.