Primary study · included by 1 review

Bowles 2003

ProbableThe reviews cited this study without a PMID, DOI or NCT, so it is matched by first author and year. Two different studies by the same author in the same year could be merged here.

Included by

Inflammatory Biomarkers in Irreversible Pulpitis and Pulp Necrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Non-Cochrane · aetiology · 2026 · cited as Bowles 2003 · Table 1; Fig 2, Fig 3 and Supplementary Figures

Outcome this study informs	Pooled effect	Evidence	Certainty
Substance P level in dental pulp Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (exposure) vs Healthy pulp	SMD -2.87 [-5.73, -0.01]	3 studies · 102 participants	GRADE not reported
Substance P level in dental pulp Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (exposure) vs Healthy pulp	SMD -3.16 [-5.54, -0.78]	4 studies · 127 participants	Low

1 including review in total.