Classification of cervical vertebral maturation stages with machine learning models: leveraging datasets with high inter- and intra-observer agreement

AI models (best model per study) applied to lateral cephalometric and/or hand-wrist radiographs to identify the pubertal growth spurt (three-class pre-spurt, spurt, post-spurt scheme) vs Reference staging by expert assessment (CVM, Fishman SMI, Grave and Brown, DRU or other validated standards)