Non-Cochrane · aetiology · PM42769090
Association between type 1 diabetes mellitus and dental caries in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study.
Zhu Keyi, Gao Fei, Yue Junzhu, et al. · Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1929819
Findings
30 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Publication after 2020 | SMD 0.46 [-0.03, 0.95] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Confounder-adjusted studies | SMD 0.02 [-0.4, 0.43] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index HbA1c ≥ 8% | SMD -0.2 [-1.52, 1.12] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Unadjusted studies | SMD 0.25 [0.09, 0.41] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Other countries | SMD -0.33 [-0.72, 0.06] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index HbA1c ≥ 8% | SMD 0.17 [-0.08, 0.41] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index | SMD 0.19 [0.06, 0.31] GRADE not reported 12 studies |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Age < 12 years | SMD -0.3 [-0.5, -0.09] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Disease duration < 1 month | SMD 0.42 [0.17, 0.88] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Asia | SMD -0.13 [-0.47, 0.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Balanced sex distribution | SMD -0.05 [-0.4, 0.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFS caries index | SMD 0.01 [-0.36, 0.38] GRADE not reported 4 studies |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Male predominance | SMD -0.02 [-0.36, 0.31] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Balanced sex distribution | SMD 0.21 [-0.36, 0.77] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Publication after 2020 | SMD 0 [-0.2, 0.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Publication before 2020 | SMD -0.21 [-0.46, 0.05] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Confounder-adjusted studies | SMD 0.09 [-0.09, 0.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Unadjusted studies | SMD -0.2 [-0.57, 0.17] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Male predominance | SMD 0.24 [0.09, 0.38] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Disease duration < 1 year | SMD 0.02 [-0.42, 0.46] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index HbA1c < 8% | SMD 0.23 [-0.16, 0.62] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index HbA1c < 8% | SMD -0.12 [-0.4, 0.16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Female predominance | SMD 0.04 [-0.15, 0.24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Europe | SMD -0.08 [-0.52, 0.37] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index | SMD -0.12 [-0.4, 0.15] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Publication before 2020 | SMD 0.24 [0.1, 0.38] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Disease duration ≥ 1 year | SMD -0.55 [-1.16, 0.07] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | dmft caries index Age ≥ 12 years | SMD 0.46 [0.1, 0.83] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy controls | DMFT caries index Disease duration ≥ 1 month | SMD 0.11 [-0.04, 0.27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Children and adolescents (under 18 years) | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | Healthy non-diabetic controls | Caries experience in primary teeth (dmft index) Cross-sectional (single examination) · Multinational (Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, South America) · Sex composition: sex not reported | SMD -0.87 [-1.40, -0.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 46
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abid 2021 Dental caries prevalence among Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) 6- to 12-year-old children in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia compared to… PMID:34194191 | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Abid et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmad 2017 Oral health status of children with type 1 diabetes: a comparative study. PMID:28988224 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ahmad et al 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| ANNA 2013 Salivary innate defense system in type 1 diabetes mellitus in children with mixed and permanent dentition. PMID:23445270 | 2013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| ANNA et al 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arheiam 2014 Dental caries experience and periodontal treatment needs of 10- to 15-year old children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. PMID:24506709 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Arheiam et al 2014 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| AZZA 2011 Dental caries and dental care level (restorative index) in children with diabetes mellitus type 1. PMID:20731732 | 2011 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| AZZA et al 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Babu 2018 Assessment of dental caries and gingival status among a group of type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy children of South India - a… PMID:30465719 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Babu et al 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Blumer 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cresio 2012 Salivary flow and dental caries in Brazilian youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus. PMID:23649059 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Cresio et al 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Enosakhare 2012 Caries experience among children with type 1 diabetes in Kuwait. PMID:23265163 | 2012 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Enosakhare et al 2012 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fatima 2025 Assessment of oral health status in a population of Moroccan children with type 1 diabetes. PMID:41019448 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fatima et al 2025 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ferizi 2018 Dental Caries Among Kosovar Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus DOI:10.4034/pboci.2018.181.86 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ferizi et al 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Geetha 2019 Oral health status and knowledge among 10-15years old type 1 diabetes mellitus children and adolescents in Bengaluru. PMID:30900662 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Geetha et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ivana 2010 Association between metabolic control and oral health in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. PMID:20219586 | 2010 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ivana 2016 Salivary flow rate, buffer capacity, and urea concentration in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. PMID:27845883 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ivana et al 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Ivana et al 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jolanta 2005 Dietary and oral hygiene habits in children with type I diabetes mellitus related to dental caries. PMID:16254468 | 2005 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jolanta et al 2005 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Loai 2017 Salivary Distinctiveness and Modifications in Males with Diabetes and Behçet's Disease. PMID:28321337 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Loai et al 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mirjana 2021 Dental health status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Montenegro DOI:10.2298/vsp181202050d | 2021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Mirjana et al 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Neslihan 2023 Salivary macrophage activation-related chemokines and mitogen-activated kinase kinase-degrading proteolytic activity in type 1 diabetes… PMID:36601897 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Neslihan et al 2023 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nishna 2024 Assessment of Oral Health Status among Children with Type I Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-sectional Study. PMID:39650303 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Nishna et al 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rezvan 2016 Dental Health Status and Hygiene in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. PMID:27840339 | 2016 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Rezvan et al 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahba 2019 Comparison of the Mean DMF Index in Type I Diabetic and Healthy Children. PMID:30937339 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sahba et al 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Salehi 2024 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Siudikiene 2006 Dental caries and salivary status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, related to the metabolic control of the disease. PMID:16460335 | 2006 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Siudikiene et al 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Swanljung 1992 Caries and saliva in 12-18-year-old diabetics and controls. PMID:1465562 | 1992 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Swanljung et al 1992 matched by author and year (probable) | NR | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Children under 12 years and adolescents aged 12 to 18 years | Children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years with and without T1DM in 24 studies from Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa and South America |
| Intervention | Clinically diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus | Type 1 diabetes mellitus (n=24 studies) |
| Comparison | Not specified (non-diabetic controls implied) | Healthy non-diabetic controls (n=24 studies) |
| Outcomes | Dental caries by WHO criteria (dmft/DMFT/DMFS/dmfs); causal effect of genetically predicted T1DM on deciduous and permanent caries by Mendelian randomization | DMFT (n=12 datasets); DMFS (n=4); dmft (n=8); MR: permanent and deciduous caries (ALSPAC GWAS, 67 SNPs), not pooled across studies |
| Study designs | Cross-sectional studies or baseline data from longitudinal cohort studies; only high-quality studies (AHRQ score ≥8) analyzed; two-sample Mendelian randomization on GWAS summary data | 24 cross-sectional studies plus a two-sample Mendelian randomization on GWAS summary data (n=24) |
| Timing | Not specified | Cross-sectional (single examination) |