Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM42657348
Comparative evaluation of obturation techniques for C-shaped canals: a network meta-analysis.
Lu Yaojia, Lu Lingjiao · Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.3389/fdmed.2026.1903167
Findings
Population Permanent molars with C-shaped root canals (in vitro specimens)
153 findings
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -0.29 [-2.1, 1.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -1.2 [-4.0, 1.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD 3.1 [-9.5, 16] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD 0.11 [-3.9, 4.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 4.8 [-26, 36] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.14 [-1.5, 1.2] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -0.41 [-5.4, 4.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -1.2 [-2.6, 0.14] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Core carrier system (CC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -1.2 [-4.6, 1.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.0089 [-2.7, 2.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.47 [-2.2, 1.3] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 0.22 [-5.7, 6.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.48 [-1.3, 2.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.82 [-0.88, 2.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -0.38 [-4.4, 3.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -1.6 [-5.3, 2.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.5 [-27, 24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -5.7 [-22, 10] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -7.3 [-34, 19] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD 2.1 [-3, 7.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 6.5 [-55, 69] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -0.11 [-2.8, 2.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.83 [-2.6, 0.89] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD 5.7 [-10, 22] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.7 [-1.0, 4.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 0.060 [-3.0, 3.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.2 [-2.3, 4.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -0.41 [-2.4, 1.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.67 [-1.6, 0.29] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.32 [-1.2, 0.90] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 9.9 [-13, 33] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -0.16 [-3.9, 3.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -0.58 [-2, 0.81] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -1.0 [-4, 1.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD 5.9 [-3.1, 15] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -0.49 [-2, 3.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Injectable cold filling (ICF, GuttaFlow Bioseal) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD 1.0 [-1.2, 3.2] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Injectable cold filling (ICF, GuttaFlow Bioseal) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -16 [-36, 4.1] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Injectable cold filling (ICF, GuttaFlow Bioseal) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 0.98 [-1.5, 3.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Injectable cold filling (ICF, GuttaFlow Bioseal) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.79 [-3.3, 1.4] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Injectable cold filling (ICF, GuttaFlow Bioseal) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -0.77 [-5.9, 2.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Injectable cold filling (ICF, GuttaFlow Bioseal) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -15 [-56, 26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD 0.87 [-2.6, 4.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.7 [-0.21, 3.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.1 [-4.3, 2.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -1.0 [-3.5, 1.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 1.2 [-0.28, 2.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD 1.2 [-0.28, 2.6] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD 1.3 [-3.0, 5.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 2.5 [-24, 29] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.37 [-1.9, 1.3] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 4.7 [-58, 67] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 5.5 [-7.6, 19] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.36 [-1.9, 1.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 0.52 [-5.4, 6.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 0.087 [-2.6, 2.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD 5.4 [-7.4, 18] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 0.17 [-2.3, 2.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 6.1 [-12, 24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 0.59 [-3.1, 4.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.41 [-1.9, 1.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -0.41 [-1.9, 1.1] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Canal configuration: C1 Unresolved: the two extractors disagree on this row. | In subgroup analyses, a significant difference in porosity between the LC and UC groups was observed only in the micro-CT subgroup (MD = -4.7, 95% CrI: -8.1 to -1.3), while no significant difference was detected in the… GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -1.7 [-3.3, -0.070] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -2.2 [-6.9, 2.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.3 [-28, 25] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -0.64 [-2.9, 1.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.029 [-2.8, 2.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -0.27 [-4.2, 4.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -2.9 [-8.7, 3.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 4.5 [-16, 25] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 3.1 [-11, 17] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD 4.4 [-37, 45] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.20 [-3.1, 2.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: stereomicroscopy | MD -0.27 [-2.7, 2.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD 3.0 [-11, 17] GRADE not reported 9 studies · 424 participants |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -2.6 [-4.9, -0.57] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Sensitivity: leave-one-out excluding Gok T 2017 | MD -1.7 [-3.5, -0.14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Sensitivity: leave-one-out excluding Soo WKM 2015 | MD -2.6 [-5.2, -0.22] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Imaging method: micro-CT | MD -4.7 [-8.1, -1.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold lateral compaction (LC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) | MD -1.7 [-3.3, -0.062] GRADE not reported 8 studies |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 2.2 [-13, 17] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.9 [-0.32, 4.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.86 [-0.87, 2.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 0.38 [-2.3, 3.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 0.25 [-3, 3.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 1.3 [-0.32, 2.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 2.6 [-24, 29] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.5 [-1.3, 4.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 2.0 [-20, 24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.27 [-1.9, 1.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 0.80 [-2.0, 3.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.19 [-16, 16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 1.1 [-25, 28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.45 [-2.2, 1.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 0.089 [-2.7, 2.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -1.4 [-4.0, 1.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -0.79 [-25, 23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Core carrier system (CC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -0.60 [-3.3, 2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.22 [-15, 16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 0.90 [-2.2, 4.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 0.033 [-25, 26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.15 [-1.4, 1.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.26 [-3.4, 2.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -2.7 [-29, 23] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 0.90 [-1.7, 3.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.30 [-3, 2.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.15 [-1.5, 1.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 0.80 [-26, 28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 2.2 [-0.36, 4.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.4 [-1.3, 4.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 0.30 [-2.6, 3.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.29 [-17, 16] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.8 [-28, 25] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 2 [0.22, 3.7] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.11 [-1.7, 1.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -0.32 [-3.5, 2.8] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -2.2 [-5.3, 1.0] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -2.5 [-31, 26] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.51 [-3.3, 2.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.42 [-1.4, 2.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -0.67 [-3.5, 2.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -2.7 [-19, 14] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -2.2 [-29, 24] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 1.4 [-1.2, 3.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Cold hydraulic compaction (CHC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -1.2 [-3.0, 0.52] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -3.7 [-35, 27] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 1.1 [-15, 18] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 1.8 [0.53, 3.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.51 [-12, 11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -0.048 [-1.7, 1.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.9 [-0.78, 4.5] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD 2.1 [0.49, 3.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 0.76 [-0.64, 2.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.52 [-1.8, 0.79] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 1.6 [-0.91, 4.2] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -0.71 [-4.3, 2.4] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -1.4 [-3.1, 0.057] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.8 [-4.3, 0.43] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -1.4 [-31, 28] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -2.9 [-23, 17] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -2.9 [-16, 9.9] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD 0.27 [-1.2, 1.6] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Continuous wave obturation (CW) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -0.71 [-2.6, 1.1] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.6 [-3.4, -0.35] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.3 [-22, 19] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -1.6 [-4.3, 0.93] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: direct evidence | MD -1.3 [-3.3, 0.61] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD 0.69 [-1.9, 3.3] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, coronal third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -1.6 [-3.1, -0.070] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: indirect evidence | MD -4.4 [-34, 25] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, middle third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -1.3 [-3, 0.21] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Ultrasonic compaction (UC) | Single cone technique with hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealer (SC) | Void percentage (porosity) of root canal filling, apical third After 1 week storage at 37 degrees C · In vitro (3D-printed resin tooth models and extracted human teeth) · Node-splitting: network estimate | MD -2.4 [-16, 11] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
Included primary studies 9
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bae 2026 Comparison of the obturation quality of C-shaped canals via different filling techniques and ultrasonic vibration : Sealer-based… PMID:41559664 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Fu 2025 Root Canal Obturation Quality in 3D-Printed C-Shaped Canals with Different Filling Techniques. PMID:41585423 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gharechahi 2024 Evaluation of various obturation techniques with bioceramic sealers in 3D-printed C-shaped canals. PMID:38735924 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gharechahi 2026 Evaluation of various obturation techniques with AH Plus Jet sealer in simulated C-shaped canals. PMID:42223545 | 2026 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gok 2017 Evaluation of Different Techniques for Filling Simulated C-shaped Canals of 3-dimensional Printed Resin Teeth. PMID:28756962 | 2017 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Gok 2025 Assessment of gap areas of root filling techniques in teeth with 3D-printed different configurations of C-shaped root canals: a… PMID:39948514 | 2025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Karatekin 2019 Comparison of continuous wave and cold lateral condensation filling techniques in 3D printed simulated C-shape canals instrumented with… PMID:31751375 | 2019 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Soo 2015 A comparison of four gutta-percha filling techniques in simulated C-shaped canals. PMID:25130364 | 2015 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Wisawawatin 2023 Gap volume and sealer penetration of C-shaped root canals obturated with cold hydraulic technique and calcium silicate sealer. PMID:36197685 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Permanent molars with C-shaped root canal systems | Permanent molars with C-shaped canals; 424 teeth, mostly 3D-printed models (n=9) |
| Intervention | Different root canal filling techniques | Seven techniques: LC, CC, CW, ICF, SC, UC, CHC (n=9) |
| Comparison | Studies with a control group | Cold lateral compaction (LC) as network reference (n=9) |
| Outcomes | Porosity of root canal filling | Void percentage in apical, middle and coronal thirds (n=9) |
| Study designs | In vitro studies | In vitro studies (n=9) |
| Timing | Not specified | Imaging after one week storage at 37 C |
AMSTAR 2 items
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | No | No | yes |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | No | No | yes |
| 8Included studies described in detail | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | RCT: N/A · NRSI: Yes | NRSI: Yes · RCT: N/A | no |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | No | No | yes |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | RCT: N/A · NRSI: Yes | NRSI: Yes · RCT: N/A | no |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | No | No | yes |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | Yes | No | no |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | No | No | yes |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | Yes | Yes | yes |
| Overall | Critically Low | Critically Low | yes |