Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM41910902

Predicting transversal dental arch expansion outcomes with Invisalign aligners in permanent dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Serafin Marco, Boccalari Elisa, Calò Marta, et al. · Progress in orthodontics · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s40510-026-00618-1

Findings

41 findings

Population
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Tooth type (canines vs premolars vs molars)
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) 0.031
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Association of hierarchical cluster membership (cusp-level predictability) with covariates
Tooth type
Cramer's V 0.19
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Correlation of predictability with planned and achieved expansion
Achieved expansion at cusp level
Spearman rho 0.319
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Achieved expansion (mm)
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) 0.534
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, maxillary first molars (16-26)
Maxillary first molars 16-26
Pooled proportion (%) 78 [67, 87]
GRADE not reported
26 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Aligner change interval (7 vs 10 vs 14 days)
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) -0.102
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Publication year
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) -0.150
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, mandibular first molars (36-46)
Mandibular first molars 36-46
Pooled proportion (%) 87 [68, 96]
GRADE not reported
12 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Dental arch (maxilla vs mandible)
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) 0.393
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Patient age
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) -0.069
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion in the mandibular arch
Sensitivity analysis excluding studies at serious risk of bias (mandibular segments)
Sensitivity analyses excluding studies at serious RoB yielded virtually unchanged pooled predictability and heterogeneity estimates (no numbers reported)
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, mandibular second molars (37-47)
Mandibular second molars 37-47
Pooled proportion (%) 73 [12, 98]
GRADE not reported
3 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Univariate linear regression of predictability on expansion
Achieved expansion
Regression coefficient (beta) 8.75
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Association of hierarchical cluster membership (cusp-level predictability) with covariates
Material
Cramer's V 0.20
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Association of hierarchical cluster membership (cusp-level predictability) with covariates
Aligner change timing
Cramer's V 0.09
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Independent predictors of predictability (multivariable linear regression)
Patient age (per year)
Regression coefficient (beta, % points) -1.102
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, mandibular second premolars (35-45)
Mandibular second premolars 35-45
Pooled proportion (%) 88 [75, 95]
GRADE not reported
13 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Independent predictors of predictability (multivariable linear regression)
Aligner change timing
p=0.092 (no estimate reported)
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability at gingival margin versus cusp level (difference)
Subset of 7 studies reporting both levels, descriptive
Mean difference (percentage points, cusp minus gingival margin) 13.5
GRADE not reported
7 studies
Patients in permanent dentition undergoing Invisalign treatment requiring transverse dental arch expansion; maxillary archInvisalign clear aligner treatment with digitally planned buccal expansionPlanned (ClinCheck) versus achieved expansion, within-subjectPredictability of expansion in the maxillary arch (SoF)Range effect 76-83%; 1203 participants (20 non-RCTs); Very low certainty.
Very low
Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency, publication bias
20 studies · 1203 participants
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Mean planned expansion (mm)
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) 0.034
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Association of hierarchical cluster membership (cusp-level predictability) with covariates
Age group (<25, 25-35, >35 years)
Cramer's V 0.30
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Association of hierarchical cluster membership (cusp-level predictability) with covariates
Arch
Cramer's V 0.16
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, maxillary second molars (17-27)
Maxillary second molars 17-27
Pooled proportion (%) 78 [33, 96]
GRADE not reported
5 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, maxillary second premolars (15-25)
Maxillary second premolars 15-25
Pooled proportion (%) 83 [76, 89]
GRADE not reported
26 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, maxillary canines (13-23)
Maxillary canines 13-23
Pooled proportion (%) 76 [66, 85]
GRADE not reported
25 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Univariate linear regression of predictability on expansion
Planned expansion
Regression coefficient (beta) 0.206
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition undergoing Invisalign treatment requiring transverse dental arch expansion; maxillary archInvisalign clear aligner treatment with digitally planned buccal expansionPlanned (ClinCheck) versus achieved expansion, within-subjectPredictability of expansion, maxillary arch, sensitivity analysis excluding studies at serious risk of bias
Excluding studies at serious risk of bias
Pooled predictability and heterogeneity estimates were very similar to the primary analyses; direction and magnitude unchanged (numbers not reported).
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, maxillary first premolars (14-24)
Maxillary first premolars 14-24
Pooled proportion (%) 81 [73, 87]
GRADE not reported
26 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Independent predictors of predictability (multivariable linear regression)
Tooth type
p=0.170 (no estimate reported)
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Independent predictors of predictability (multivariable linear regression)
Arch (mandibular vs maxillary segments)
Regression coefficient (beta, % points) 13.098
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Correlation of predictability with planned and achieved expansion
Planned expansion
Spearman rho -0.058
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition undergoing Invisalign treatment requiring transverse dental arch expansion; maxillary archInvisalign clear aligner treatment with digitally planned buccal expansionPlanned (ClinCheck) versus achieved expansion, within-subjectAverage predictability of expansion, maxillary arch (all tooth groups)Average predictability (%) 75.5
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Independent predictors of predictability (multivariable linear regression)
Aligner material (LD30 vs EX30)
Regression coefficient (beta, % points) -32.686
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, mandibular canines (33-43)
Mandibular canines 33-43
Pooled proportion (%) 86 [74, 93]
GRADE not reported
13 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion, mandibular first premolars (34-44)
Mandibular first premolars 34-44
Pooled proportion (%) 86 [69, 95]
GRADE not reported
12 studies
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign aligners requiring transversal dental arch expansionInvisalign aligners with digitally planned buccal expansion of the maxillary and/or mandibular archPlanned expansion (within-subject contrast with achieved expansion)Predictability of expansion by moderator (univariate random-effects meta-regression)
Aligner material (LD30 vs EX30)
Meta-regression coefficient (beta, logit scale) -0.530
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition undergoing Invisalign treatment requiring transverse dental arch expansion; mandibular archInvisalign clear aligner treatment with digitally planned buccal expansionPlanned (ClinCheck) versus achieved expansion, within-subjectAverage predictability of expansion, mandibular arch (all tooth groups)Average predictability (%) 80.6
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition undergoing Invisalign treatment requiring transverse dental arch expansion; mandibular archInvisalign clear aligner treatment with digitally planned buccal expansionPlanned (ClinCheck) versus achieved expansion, within-subjectPredictability of expansion in the mandibular arch (SoF)Range effect 73-88%; 686 participants (11 non-RCTs); Very low certainty.
Very low
Downgraded: risk of bias, inconsistency, publication bias
11 studies · 686 participants
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign (maxillary and mandibular tooth groups combined)Invisalign clear aligner treatment with digitally planned buccal expansionPlanned (ClinCheck) versus achieved expansion, within-subjectKendall correlation, planned expansion vs predictabilityKendall tau -0.037
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported
Patients in permanent dentition treated with Invisalign (maxillary and mandibular tooth groups combined)Invisalign clear aligner treatment with digitally planned buccal expansionPlanned (ClinCheck) versus achieved expansion, within-subjectKendall correlation, achieved expansion (cusp) vs predictabilityKendall tau 0.218
GRADE not reported
Studies not reported

Included primary studies 40

Open in Studies
StudyYearAlso included byOutcomes it informs hereTrial data
Houle 2017
The predictability of transverse changes with Invisalign.
PMID:27304231
20171 other reviewnot statednot extracted yet
Lione 2021
Maxillary arch development with Invisalign system.
PMID:33570617
20211 other reviewnot statednot extracted yet
Tien 2023
The predictability of expansion with Invisalign: A retrospective cohort study.
PMID:36195544
20231 other reviewnot statednot extracted yet
Zhou 2020
Efficiency of upper arch expansion with the Invisalign system.
PMID:31368778
20201 other reviewnot statednot extracted yet
Basudan 2025
Three-dimensional evaluation of the predictability of clear aligners in the treatment of maxillary transverse and anteroposterior tooth…
PMID:41159156
2025this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Bowman 2023
Occlusal contacts and treatment with the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective analysis of predicted vs achieved outcomes
DOI:10.2319/102822-738.1
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Bowman 2023
Occlusal contacts and treatment with the Invisalign appliance: a retrospective analysis of predicted vs achieved outcomes.
PMID:36780260
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Charalampakis 2018
Accuracy of clear aligners: A retrospective study of patients who needed refinement
DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.11.028
2018this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Charalampakis 2018
Accuracy of clear aligners: A retrospective study of patients who needed refinement.
PMID:29957318
2018this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
de-la-Rosa-Gay 2025
Factors affecting expansion predictability of clear aligner treatment.
PMID:40257582
2025this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
De-la-Rosa-Gay 2025
Factors affecting expansion predictability of clear aligner treatment
DOI:10.1007/s00784-025-06328-y
2025this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Galluccio 2023
Efficacy and Accuracy of Maxillary Arch Expansion with Clear Aligner Treatment
DOI:10.3390/ijerph20054634
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Galluccio 2023
Efficacy and Accuracy of Maxillary Arch Expansion with Clear Aligner Treatment.
PMID:36901642
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Goh 2023
The predictability of the mandibular curve of Wilson, buccolingual crown inclination, and transverse expansion expression with Invisalign…
DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.09.020
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Goh 2023
The predictability of the mandibular curve of Wilson, buccolingual crown inclination, and transverse expansion expression with Invisalign…
PMID:36208968
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Haouili 2020
Has Invisalign improved? A prospective follow-up study on the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign
DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.12.015
2020this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Haouili 2020
Has Invisalign improved? A prospective follow-up study on the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign.
PMID:32620479
2020this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Houle 2017
The predictability of transverse changes with Invisalign
DOI:10.2319/122115-875.1
2017this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Keilig 2024
Treatment Efficiency of Maxillary and Mandibular Orovestibular Tooth Expansion and Compression Movements with the Invisalign® System in…
DOI:10.3390/jcm13051267
2024this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Keilig 2024
Treatment Efficiency of Maxillary and Mandibular Orovestibular Tooth Expansion and Compression Movements with the Invisalign® System in…
PMID:38592077
2024this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Lione 2021
Maxillary arch development with Invisalign system:
DOI:10.2319/080520-687.1
2021this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Medeiros 2024
Accuracy of arch expansion with two thermoplastic materials in Invisalign® patients: EX30® and SmartTrack®
DOI:10.1590/2177-6709.29.2.e2423212.oar
2024this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Medeiros 2024
Accuracy of arch expansion with two thermoplastic materials in Invisalign® patients: EX30® and SmartTrack®.
PMID:38865514
2024this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Morales-Burruezo 2020
Arch expansion with the Invisalign system: Efficacy and predictability
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0242979
2020this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Morales-Burruezo 2020
Arch expansion with the Invisalign system: Efficacy and predictability.
PMID:33301484
2020this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Nogal-Coloma 2023
Predictability of Maxillary Dentoalveolar Expansion Using Clear Aligners in Different Types of Crossbites
DOI:10.3390/app13052963
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
O'Connor 2024
Clinical expression of programmed maxillary buccal expansion and buccolingual crown inclination with Invisalign EX30 and SmartTrack…
PMID:38618737
2024this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Riede 2021
Maxillary expansion or contraction and occlusal contact adjustment: effectiveness of current aligner treatment
DOI:10.1007/s00784-021-03780-4
2021this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Riede 2021
Maxillary expansion or contraction and occlusal contact adjustment: effectiveness of current aligner treatment.
PMID:33474622
2021this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Rocha 2023
Efficiency and Predictability of Coronal Maxillary Expansion Repercussion with the Aligners System: A Retrospective Study
DOI:10.3390/dj11110258
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Rocha 2023
Efficiency and Predictability of Coronal Maxillary Expansion Repercussion with the Aligners System: A Retrospective Study.
PMID:37999022
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Santucci 2023
Assessment of Posterior Dentoalveolar Expansion with Invisalign in Adult Patients
DOI:10.3390/ijerph20054318
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Santucci 2023
Assessment of Posterior Dentoalveolar Expansion with Invisalign in Adult Patients.
PMID:36901328
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Solano-Mendoza 2017
How effective is the Invisalign® system in expansion movement with Ex30′ aligners?
DOI:10.1007/s00784-016-1908-y
2016this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Solano-Mendoza 2017
How effective is the Invisalign® system in expansion movement with Ex30' aligners?
PMID:27435982
2017this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Suarez 2025
Comparison of the Predictability of Dentoalveolar Expansion with Different Aligner Systems in Orthodontics: A Longitudinal Clinical Study…
DOI:10.3390/app15169074
2025this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Tien 2023
The predictability of expansion with Invisalign: A retrospective cohort study
DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.07.032
2023this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Vidal-Bernardez 2021
Efficacy and predictability of maxillary and mandibular expansion with the Invisalign® system.
PMID:34306530
2021this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Vidal-Bernardez 2022
EX30 vs. SmartTrack materials in maxillary expansion with the Invisalign system.
PMID:35948311
2022this review onlynot statednot extracted yet
Zhou 2020
Efficiency of Upper Arch Expansion with the Invisalign System
DOI:10.2319/022719-151.1
2020this review onlynot statednot extracted yet

Overlap with other reviews

Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.

Review question

ElementPlanned (methods)Found (results)
PopulationPatients in permanent dentition (adolescent or adult) undergoing orthodontic treatment with Invisalign requiring transversal dental arch expansion; mixed or primary dentition, syndromic and surgically assisted expansion excludedPatients treated with Invisalign for transverse expansion (n=1391 in 23 studies; 21 in meta-analysis); mostly adults
InterventionInvisalign clear aligner therapy with digitally planned buccal expansion of maxillary and/or mandibular archesInvisalign aligners (LD30/SmartTrack in 12 studies, EX30 in 2, both in 4, unspecified in 5)
ComparisonWithin-subject contrast between planned and achieved expansion at tooth levelPlanned versus achieved expansion
OutcomesPredictability of expansion: ratio of achieved to planned transverse movement (inter-canine, inter-premolar, inter-molar widths or tooth-level cusp/gingival changes)Pooled predictability by tooth group: maxilla 76-83% (second molars 78%, CI 33-96), mandible 73-88%; average 75.5% maxilla, 80.6% mandible
Study designsRCTs and prospective or retrospective clinical studies (non-RCTs) in vivo23 non-randomized studies (20 retrospective, 3 prospective)
TimingNot specifiedNot specified

AMSTAR 2 items

Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.

ItemExtractor AExtractor BAgree
1Research question includes PICO componentsYesYesyes
2Protocol established before the reviewcriticalPartial YesPartial Yesyes
3Choice of study designs explainedNoNoyes
4Comprehensive literature searchcriticalPartial YesPartial Yesyes
5Study selection in duplicateYesYesyes
6Data extraction in duplicateYesYesyes
7List of excluded studies with reasonscriticalYesYesyes
8Included studies described in detailPartial YesPartial Yesyes
9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycriticalNRSI: Yes · RCT: N/ANRSI: Yes · RCT: N/Ayes
10Funding of included studies reportedNoNoyes
11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscriticalNRSI: No · RCT: N/ANRSI: Yes · RCT: N/Ano
12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled resultsYesYesyes
13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcriticalYesYesyes
14Heterogeneity explainedYesYesyes
15Publication bias investigatedcriticalYesYesyes
16Conflicts of interest reportedYesYesyes
OverallLowModerateno