Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

24 questions · 26 findings · 3 reviews · Stroke

No studies found 1 · 3.8%GRADE not reported 6 · 23.1%Very low 14 · 53.8%Low 5 · 19.2%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs one antiplatelet agent

Major bleeding (minor cerebral hemorrhage) · people with antiphospholipid syndrome, with previous stroke

It is very uncertain whether standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent changes major bleeding (minor cerebral hemorrhage) compared with single antiplatelet agent (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs one antiplatelet agent

Stroke · people with antiphospholipid syndrome, with previous stroke

It is very uncertain whether standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent changes stroke compared with single antiplatelet agent (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs one antiplatelet agent

Any bleeding that does not meet criteria for major bleeding ‐ Gastrointestinal bleeding (no definition) · people with antiphospholipid syndrome, with previous stroke

It is very uncertain whether standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent changes any bleeding that does not meet criteria for major bleeding ‐… compared with single antiplatelet agent (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Thromboembolic events · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent may leads to higher any thromboembolic event compared with standard‐dose VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Major bleeding · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent showed no clear difference in major bleeding compared with standard‐dose VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Total mortalitya · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

It is very uncertain whether standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent changes all‐cause mortalitya compared with standard‐dose VKA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Strokea · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent showed no clear difference in strokea compared with standard‐dose VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Minor bleedingb · people with antiphospholipid syndrome and a history of stroke or thromboembolic events

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent showed no clear difference in minor bleedingb compared with standard‐dose VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent vs dual antiplatelet agent

Stroke · people with antiphospholipid syndrome, with previous stroke

It is very uncertain whether standard‐dose VKA plus single antiplatelet agent changes stroke compared with dual antiplatelet agent (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention and a form of psychotherapy (combination) vs pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single)

Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with depression after stroke
2 findings from 1 review

Pharmacological intervention and a form of psychotherapy (combination) vs pharmacological intervention and usual care or attention control (single)

Depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke
1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Depression: meeting study criteria for depression at end of · people with depression after stroke

Pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… may leads to lower depression: meeting the criteria for depression at end of treatment… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment (primary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes depression: < 50% reduction in scale scores at end of treatment… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Depression: mean scores at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke
1 finding from 1 review