Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

23 questions · 30 findings · 3 reviews · Back and Neck · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3 · 10%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 3 · 10%Low 11 · 36.7%Moderate 13 · 43.3%High 0 · 0%

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 59 participants
Low
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 405 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

Pain: intermediate‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 45 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

Depressive symptoms · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 59 participants
Low
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 50 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

Functional ability · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 59 participants
Low
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 51 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone

CI: Confidence interval · adults with chronic low‐back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 330 participants
Moderate
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 319 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Back‐specific functional status · adults with chronic low‐back pain

3 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 330 participants
Moderate
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 319 participants
Moderate
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 345 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 146 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Pain: intermediate‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 137 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Pain intensity, long‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 136 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Depression various scales short‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 146 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

Depression various scales intermediate‐term · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 137 participants
Moderate
Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 136 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments

CI: Confidence interval · adults with chronic low‐back pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain 2010 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Exercise vs other conservative treatment

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale)

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6295 participants
Low

Exercise vs other conservative treatment

FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6004 participants
Moderate

Exercise vs other conservative treatment

*The anticipated absolute effects without exercise come from the range of outcomes at

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Strong opioids vs placebo

Mean pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1887 participants
Moderate

Disability (higher ratings mean greater disability). Various instruments were used, e.g. in Oswestry Disability Index > 6 months' post operative 0% (no disability) to 100% (bedridden) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1375 participants
Moderate

Strong opioids vs placebo

At least 30% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Strong opioids probably leads to higher at least 30% of pain relief or moderate relief compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.91 [1.41, 2.58]
3 studies · 819 participants
Moderate

Strong opioids vs placebo

At least 50% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes at least 50% of pain relief compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.89 [1.34, 2.66]
2 studies · 750 participants
Very low