Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

386 questions · 393 findings · 29 reviews · Airways · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 37 · 9.4%GRADE not reported 40 · 10.2%Very low 30 · 7.6%Low 90 · 22.9%Moderate 149 · 37.9%High 47 · 12%

Beclometasone vs placebo

Mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

It is very uncertain whether beclometasone changes mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone/LABA vs LABA

Mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) · participants with stable stage 3 COPD, smokers and ex‐smokers with a minimum pack‐year history of 20

It is very uncertain whether beclometasone/LABA changes mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) compared with LABA (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol and budesonide vs salmeterol and fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/fluticasone compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide vs salmeterol/budesonide · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

Asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in asthma‐related non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

5 findings from 1 review
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Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol and budesonide vs salmeterol and fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/budesonide… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal SAE ‐ Adults · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/mometasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adults: formoterol/ICS vs salmeterol/ICS

All‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone vs salmeterol/fluticasone · adults, chronic asthma: all‐cause mortality

Adults: formoterol/ICS showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal serious adverse events ‐ formoterol/fluticasone… compared with salmeterol/ICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone vs placebo

Adverse events: candidiasis · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

It is very uncertain whether beclometasone changes adverse events: candidiasis compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone vs placebo

Withdrawal (all‐cause) · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

Beclometasone showed no clear difference in withdrawal (all‐cause) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review