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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

477 questions · 520 findings · 39 reviews · Back and Neck · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 91 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 14 · 2.7%Very low 137 · 26.3%Low 149 · 28.7%Moderate 104 · 20%High 25 · 4.8%

NSAIDs vs placebo

Proportion of participants experiencing global improvement % of dichotomized Likert scale · Patients with acute low‐back pain

NSAIDs may leads to higher proportion of participants experiencing global improvement Various… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back School vs short‐wave diathermy at the lowest intensity

Duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days compared with short‐wave diathermy at the lowest intensity (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Low back pain, short term Visual analogue scale (VAS 0 to 100) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Low back pain, long term Visual analogue scale (VAS 0 to 100) · participants with lumbar spinal stenosis
1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs fusion

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with lumbar stenosis

It is very uncertain whether SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION changes pain Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Pain scores converted to 0 to 100 scale… compared with FUSION (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION showed no clear difference in pain Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Pain scores converted to 0 to 100 scale… compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION may leads to higher disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0… compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs fusion

Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · patients with lumbar stenosis

It is very uncertain whether SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION changes disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0… compared with FUSION (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION showed no clear difference in pain Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Pain scores converted to 0 to 100 scale… compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS

Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · patients with lumbar stenosis

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION showed no clear difference in disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0… compared with INTERSPINOUS SPACERS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Brace vs observation

Risk of success curves remaining below 50° · adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis

Brace may leads to higher risk of success Curves remaining below 50° compared with observation (randomized controlled trial) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bracing vs observation

Risk of success curves remaining below 50° · adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis

It is very uncertain whether bracing changes risk of success curves remaining below 50° compared with observation (cohort studies) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review