Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

35 questions · 35 findings · 4 reviews · Incontinence · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 20 · 57.1%GRADE not reported 1 · 2.9%Very low 8 · 22.9%Low 5 · 14.3%Moderate 1 · 2.9%High 0 · 0%

Alarm vs other types of alarm

Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether alarm changes proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the… compared with other types of alarm (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Suprapubic catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation

Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage

Suprapubic catheterisation showed no clear difference in number of participants with symptomatic UTI compared with intermittent urethral catheterisation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indwelling urethral catheterisation vs intermittent urethral catheterisation

Asymptomatic bacteruria · Patients with short‐term bladder drainage

It is very uncertain whether indwelling urethral catheterisation changes asymptomatic bacteruria compared with intermittent urethral catheterisation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hydrophilic‐coated catheter vs uncoated catheter

Adverse effects (urethral trauma/bleeding/haematuria) · long‐term bladder management

Hydrophilic‐coated catheter probably leads to higher adverse effects (urethral trauma/bleeding/haematuria) compared with uncoated catheter (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review