Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

114 questions · 124 findings · 10 reviews

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No studies found 18 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 30 · 24.2%Low 34 · 27.4%Moderate 30 · 24.2%High 12 · 9.7%

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Death (all‐causes) · Post‐menopausal women without prior cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy showed no clear difference in death (all‐causes) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.89, 1.12]
8 studies · 34422 participants
High

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Pulmonary embolism · Post‐menopausal women with pre‐exisiting cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy showed no clear difference in pulmonary embolism compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.48 [0.92, 6.7]
3 studies · 3920 participants
Moderate

Hormone therapy vs placebo

All cardiovascular death · Post‐menopausal women without prior cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy showed no clear difference in death (cardiovascular causes) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.47, 1.4]
3 studies · 28353 participants
High

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Stroke · Post‐menopausal women without prior cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy leads to higher stroke compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [1.12, 1.56]
4 studies · 28719 participants
High

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Venous thromboembolism · Post‐menopausal women without prior cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy probably leads to higher venous thromboembolism compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.92 [1.24, 2.99]
6 studies · 33477 participants
Moderate

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Pulmonary embolism · Post‐menopausal women without prior cardiovascular disease

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 31732 participants
Moderate

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Death (all‐causes) · Post‐menopausal women with pre‐exisiting cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy showed no clear difference in death (all‐causes) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.87, 1.24]
7 studies · 5445 participants
High

Hormone therapy vs placebo

All cardiovascular death · Post‐menopausal women with pre‐exisiting cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy showed no clear difference in death (cardiovascular causes) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.78, 1.29]
6 studies · 5259 participants
High

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Stroke · Post‐menopausal women with pre‐exisiting cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy showed no clear difference in stroke compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.09 [0.89, 1.33]
5 studies · 5172 participants
Moderate

Hormone therapy vs placebo

Venous thromboembolism · Post‐menopausal women with pre‐exisiting cardiovascular disease

Hormone therapy leads to higher venous thromboembolism compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post‐menopausal women 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.02 [1.13, 3.62]
6 studies · 4399 participants
High

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Venous thromboembolism · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.22 [1.12, 4.39]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Venous thrombo‐embolism (DVT or PE): CEE 0.625 mg (moderate dose) · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) showed no clear difference in venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE): CEE 0.625 mg (moderate dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [1, 1.74]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Breast cancer · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) showed no clear difference in breast cancer compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.61, 1.01]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Gallbladder disease · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher gallbladder disease compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.78 [1.42, 2.24]
1 study · 8376 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

All clinical fractures · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to lower all clinical fractures compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.65, 0.8]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Coronary events (MI or cardiac death) · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) showed no clear difference in coronary events (MI or cardiac death) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.13]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen therapy alone vs placebo

Stroke · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Oestrogen‐only hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher stroke compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.33 [1.06, 1.67]
1 study · 10739 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Coronary events (MI or cardiac death) · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher coronary events (MI or cardiac death) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.89 [1.15, 3.1]
2 studies · 20993 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Stroke · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher stroke compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 146 [1.02, 2.09]
2 studies · 17585 participants
Moderate

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) vs placebo

Venous thromboembolism · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

Combined continuous hormone therapy (HT) probably leads to higher venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.28 [2.49, 7.34]
2 studies · 20993 participants
Moderate