What do systematic reviews say?

Hand hygiene vs control

Hand hygiene showed no clear difference in laboratory‐confirmed influenza compared with control (low certainty).

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.91 [0.63, 1.3]
  8 studies · 8332 participants
  Low

Hand hygiene vs control

Hand hygiene may leads to lower composite of acute respiratory illness, influenza‐like illness,… compared with control (low certainty).

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.83, 0.94]
  19 studies · 71210 participants
  Low

Hand hygiene vs control

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2 participants
  Very low

Hand hygiene vs control

Hand hygiene probably leads to lower acute respiratory illness compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.81, 0.9]
  9 studies · 52105 participants
  Moderate

Hand hygiene vs control

Hand hygiene showed no clear difference in influenza‐like illness compared with control (low certainty).

• Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.09]
  11 studies · 34503 participants
  Low