Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic pain
It is very uncertain whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) changes pain intensity (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using… compared with sham (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Disability (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using self‐reported disability/pain interference scales · adults with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life (0 to < 1 week postintervention) measured using different scales across studies · adults with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Achievement of at least 50% reduction in headache severity Post‐treatment Higher scores indicate more children with reduced headache · children or adolescents with headaches
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes achievement of at least 50% reduction in headache severity… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Disability Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of disability · children or adolescents with mixed chronic pain conditions
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of depression · children or adolescents with mixed chronic pain conditions
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of anxiety · children or adolescents with mixed chronic pain conditions
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Disability Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of disability · children or adolescents with headaches
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of depression · children or adolescents with headaches
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of anxiety · children or adolescents with headaches
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Pain intensity Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of pain intensity · children or adolescents with mixed chronic pain conditions
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Pain: 50% reduction in headache frequency Post‐treatment Lower scores = fewer headaches · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes pain: 50% reduction in headache frequency Post‐treatment Lower… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Disability Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported disability · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported anxiety · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported depression · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Disability Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported disability · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported anxiety · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported depression · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Pain Post‐treatment Lower scores = lower reported pain intensity · Children and adolescents with chronic pain
1 finding from 1 review