Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

14 questions · 14 findings · 2 reviews

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 7.1%Low 5 · 35.7%Moderate 2 · 14.3%High 6 · 42.9%

Closest answers

The findings closest to your search, judged one by one by TypeSafe's Jev model.

Direct match · question page
- Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation · Caesarean section
  Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.63 [1.29, 2.07]
  11 studies · 18861 participants
  Low
Direct match · question page
- Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation · Cord blood acidosis
  Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.27, 3.11]
  2 studies · 2494 participants
  Very low
Direct match · question page
- Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation · Perinatal mortality
  Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.59, 1.24]
  11 studies · 33513 participants
  Low
Direct match · question page
- Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation · Cerebral palsy
  Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.75 [0.84, 3.63]
  2 studies · 13252 participants
  Low
Direct match · question page
- Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation · Instrumental vaginal birth
  Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.15 [1.01, 1.33]
  10 studies · 18615 participants
  Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.59, 1.24]
11 studies · 33513 participants
Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Neonatal seizures · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

Continuous CTG probably leads to lower neonatal seizures compared with intermittent auscultation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.31, 0.8]
9 studies · 32386 participants
Moderate

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Cerebral palsy · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in cerebral palsy compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.75 [0.84, 3.63]
2 studies · 13252 participants
Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Caesarean section · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

Continuous CTG may leads to higher caesarean section compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.63 [1.29, 2.07]
11 studies · 18861 participants
Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Instrumental vaginal birth · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

Continuous CTG may leads to higher instrumental vaginal birth compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [1.01, 1.33]
10 studies · 18615 participants
Low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Cord blood acidosis · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

It is very uncertain whether continuous CTG changes cord blood acidosis compared with intermittent auscultation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.27, 3.11]
2 studies · 2494 participants
Very low

Continuous CTG vs intermittent auscultation

Use of pharmacological analgesia · Pregnant women undergoing fetal assessment during labour

Continuous CTG showed no clear difference in any pharmacological analgesia compared with intermittent auscultation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.88, 1.09]
3 studies · 1677 participants
Low

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Caesarean section ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in caesarean section ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08]
6 studies · 26446 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST… compared with CTG alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.43, 1.2]
6 studies · 25682 participants
Moderate

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.3, 1.22]
6 studies · 26410 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Fetal blood sampling ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… leads to lower fetal blood sampling ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.41, 0.91]
4 studies · 9671 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Instrumental vaginal birth · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… leads to lower operative vaginal delivery ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.86, 0.99]
6 studies · 26446 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal admission to special care · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal special care unit ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.89, 1.04]
6 studies · 26410 participants
High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Any perinatal death after randomisation · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in perinatal death ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.71 [0.67, 4.33]
6 studies · 26446 participants
High