Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants
Caffeine showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge№ of participants:… compared with other methylxanthines (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.12 [0.68, 1.84]
Studies not reported
Low
f) Hearing impairment (requiring amplification) № of participants: 6(1 RCT) · preterm infants
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · preterm infants
Caffeine showed no clear difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease: defined as 28 days… compared with other methylxanthines (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.4 [0.92, 2.11]
Studies not reported
Low
Side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading to a reduction in dose or withholding of methylxanthines№ of participants: 30(1 RCT) · preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.17 [0.02, 1.32]
Studies not reported
Very low
Length of hospital stay · preterm infants
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Seizures · preterm infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Moderate‐severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 26 months ‐ not measured · preterm infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Cerebral palsy · preterm infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
b) Gross motor disability defined as ≥ level 2 according to the GMFCS · preterm infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: cognitive delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.17 [0.02, 1.37]
Studies not reported
Very low
c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: language delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.76 [0.37, 1.58]
Studies not reported
Very low
c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a standardized test of development: motor delay № of participants: 79(1 RCT) · preterm infants
It is very uncertain whether caffeine changes c) Developmental delay more than two SDs below population mean on a… compared with other methylxanthines (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.5 [0.13, 1.96]
Studies not reported
Very low
d) Mental development IQ > 2 SD below the mean · preterm infants
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Visual impairment · preterm infants
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading to a reduction in dose or withholding of caffeine · preterm infants at risk for apnea
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Side effects (tachycardia, agitation, or feed intolerance) leading to a reduction in dose or withholding of caffeine · preterm infants with or at risk for apnea of prematurity
It is very uncertain whether high‐dose changes side effects (tachycardia, agitation or feed intolerance) leading to… compared with standard‐dose strategies (very low certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
Failed apnea reduction · treatment of apnea
Doxapram showed no clear difference in 1a. Failed apnea reduction after 2–7 days – doxapram compared to no… compared with no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline,… (low certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 0.45 [0.2, 1.05]
1 study · 21 participants
Low
RR 1.35 [0.53, 3.45]
4 studies · 84 participants
Very low
RR 0.08 [0.01, 1.17]
1 study · 10 participants
Very low
4a.Death at any time during initial hospitalization – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
4b. Death at any time during initial hospitalization – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
2 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
5a. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · treatment of apnea
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found