What do systematic reviews say?

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 434 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 242 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 434 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 470 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 470 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs information only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 470 participants
  Moderate

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 242 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 179 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 190 participants
  Low

Brief intervention vs assessment only

• Brief school‐based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance‐using adolescents 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 338 participants
  Low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes arrested for any crime at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.73 [0.52, 1.03]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes criminal activity at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.63, 1.03]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes drug‐related crime at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.68, 1.32]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes arrested (not parole violation) at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.43 [0.25, 0.77]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies changes self‐reported drug use at 6 months compared with prison therapeutic community (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.58, 1.27]
  1 study · 314 participants
  Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community

Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies showed no clear difference in reincarcerated at 12 months after parole compared with prison therapeutic community (low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.43, 1.12]
  1 study · 115 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs treatment

It is very uncertain whether cognitive behavioural therapy and standard therapy changes incarceration at 3 months compared with treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.46 [0.04, 4.68]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.51 [0.2, 1.27]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care vs treatment

• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for female drug‐using offenders 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

• Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 41 participants
  Very low

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

It is very uncertain whether cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) changes number of participants achieving 3 or more weeks of consecutive… compared with twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption (very low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.96 [0.43, 8.94]
  1 study · 41 participants
  Very low