Any maternal trauma (primary) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps showed no clear difference in any maternal trauma (primary) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Any neonatal injury (primary) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
1 finding from 1 review
Failed delivery with allocated instrument (primary) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps may leads to lower failed delivery with allocated instrument (primary) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps may leads to higher third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Postpartum haemorrhage · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps showed no clear difference in postpartum haemorrhage (≥ 500 mL) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Low Apgar score · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps showed no clear difference in low Apgar score at 5 minutes (< 7 or as defined by trial authors) compared with any type of vacuum cup (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Low umbilical artery pH (< 7.2 or as defined by trial authors) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth
Any type of forceps showed no clear difference in low umbilical artery pH (< 7.2 or as defined by trial authors) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review