Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

15 questions · 21 findings · 2 reviews

No studies found 5 · 23.8%GRADE not reported 1 · 4.8%Very low 8 · 38.1%Low 6 · 28.6%Moderate 1 · 4.8%High 0 · 0%

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic pain
3 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with chronic pain

It is very uncertain whether active stimulation + other intervention changes pain intensity. Proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Adverse event: lead failure/ displacement · adults with chronic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Adverse events: need for reoperation/ reimplantation · adults with chronic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · adults with chronic pain

Active stimulation + other intervention may leads to higher pain intensity. Proportion with ≥50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review