Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,429 questions · 3,558 findings · 436 reviews

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No studies found 660 · 18.5%GRADE not reported 375 · 10.5%Very low 727 · 20.4%Low 887 · 24.9%Moderate 709 · 19.9%High 200 · 5.6%

Intervention not reported

Adverse events – hypokalaemia · adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events – hypokalaemia (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.38 [1.03, 1.84]
2 studies · 975 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events – arrhythmia · adults after cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The intervention may leads to higher adverse events – arrhythmia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.4 [1.19, 1.64]
3 studies · 2163 participants
Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Respiratory failure · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) probably leads to lower respiratory failure compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.65 [0.54, 0.78]
17 studies · 1958 participants
Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Need for endotracheal tube ventilation · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) probably leads to lower need for endotracheal tube ventilation compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.67 [0.56, 0.81]
16 studies · 1848 participants
Moderate

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Death during study period · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in mortality during study period compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.62, 1.1]
17 studies · 1958 participants
Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Chronic lung disease · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) may leads to lower chronic lung disease compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.92]
12 studies · 1284 participants
Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Pneumothorax · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in pneumothorax compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.6, 1.41]
16 studies · 1674 participants
Low

NIPPV vs NCPAP

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · )

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) showed no clear difference in severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade III/IV) compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.53, 1.79]
8 studies · 977 participants
Low

Medical/surgical masks vs no masks

Viral respiratory illness ‐ influenza/COVID‐like illness · general population

Medical/surgical masks showed no clear difference in viral respiratory illness ‐ influenza/COVID‐like illness compared with no masks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.84, 1.09]
9 studies · 276917 participants
Moderate

Hand hygiene vs control

Influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation · general population and healthcare workers

Hand hygiene showed no clear difference in laboratory‐confirmed influenza compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.63, 1.3]
8 studies · 8332 participants
Low

Hand hygiene vs control

Composite of acute respiratory illness, influenza‐like illness, laboratory‐confirmed influenza · general population and healthcare workers

Hand hygiene may leads to lower composite of acute respiratory illness, influenza‐like illness,… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.83, 0.94]
19 studies · 71210 participants
Low

Hand hygiene vs control

Adverse events · general population and healthcare workers

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 2 participants
Very low

Medical/surgical masks vs no masks

Viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza/SARS‐CoV‐2 · general population

Medical/surgical masks showed no clear difference in viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza/SARS‐CoV‐2 compared with no masks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.72, 1.42]
6 studies · 13919 participants
Moderate

Medical/surgical masks vs no masks

Adverse events · general population

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 3 participants
Very low

N95 respirators vs medical/surgical masks

Viral illness ‐ clinical respiratory illness · general population and healthcare workers

It is very uncertain whether N95 respirators changes viral respiratory illness ‐ clinical respiratory illness compared with medical/surgical masks (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.45, 1.1]
3 studies · 7799 participants
Very low

N95 respirators vs medical/surgical masks

Viral respiratory illness ‐ influenza‐like illness · general population and healthcare workers

N95 respirators showed no clear difference in viral respiratory illness ‐ influenza‐like illness compared with medical/surgical masks (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.82 [0.66, 1.03]
5 studies · 8407 participants
Low

N95 respirators vs medical/surgical masks

Viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza · general population and healthcare workers

N95 respirators showed no clear difference in viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza compared with medical/surgical masks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.1 [0.9, 1.34]
5 studies · 8407 participants
Moderate

N95 respirators vs medical/surgical masks

Adverse events · general population and healthcare workers

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 5 participants
Very low

Hand hygiene vs control

Acute respiratory illness · general population and healthcare workers

Hand hygiene probably leads to lower acute respiratory illness compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.81, 0.9]
9 studies · 52105 participants
Moderate

Hand hygiene vs control

Influenza‐like illness · general population and healthcare workers

Hand hygiene showed no clear difference in influenza‐like illness compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.09]
11 studies · 34503 participants
Low